Alkaline cell with flat housing

ABSTRACT

An alkaline cell having a flat housing, preferably of cuboid shape. The housing may be laser welded closed with a metal cover inserted as a part of an end cap assembly. A portion of an insulating seal may be held compressed between a sleeve extending from the metal cover and an anode current collector nail within the end cap assembly. The housing may include a vent mechanism, preferably a grooved vent, which can activate, when gas pressure within the cell reaches a threshold level typically between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10 3  and 5515×10 3  pascal gage). The cell can have a supplemental laser welded vent which may activate at higher pressure levels.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/722,879, filed Nov. 26, 2003, which is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/414750 filed Apr. 16, 2003, which is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/336261 filed Jan. 3, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to an alkaline battery having a substantially flat outer housing. The invention relates to alkaline battery having an anode comprising zinc, a cathode comprising manganese dioxide, and an electrolyte comprising aqueous potassium hydroxide.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Conventional alkaline electrochemical cells have an anode comprising zinc and a cathode comprising manganese dioxide. The cell is typically formed of a cylindrical outer housing. The fresh cell has an open circuit voltage (EMF) of about 1.5 volt and typical average running voltage of between about 1.0 to 1.2 Volt in medium drain service (100 to 300 milliamp). The cylindrical housing is initially formed with an enlarged open end and opposing closed end. After the cell contents are supplied, an end cap assembly with insulating grommet and negative terminal end cap is inserted into the housing open end. The open end is closed by crimping the housing edge over an edge of the insulating plug and radially compressing the housing around the insulating plug to provide a tight seal. The insulating grommet electrically insulates the negative end cap from the cell housing. A portion of the cell housing at the opposing closed end forms the positive terminal.

[0004] A problem associated with design of various electrochemical cells, particularly alkaline cells, is the tendency of the cell to produce gases as it continues to discharge beyond a certain point, normally near the point of complete exhaustion of the cell's useful capacity. Electrochemical cells, particularly alkaline cells, are conventionally provided with rupturable diaphragms or rupturable membranes within the end cap assembly. The rupturable diaphragm or membrane may be formed within a plastic insulating member as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,386.

[0005] The prior art discloses rupturable vent membranes, which are integrally formed as thinned areas within the insulating disk included within the end cap assembly. Such vent membranes can be oriented such that they lie in a plane perpendicular to the cell's longitudinal axis, for example, as shown in U.S. Pat, No. 5,589,293, or they may be oriented so that they are slanted in relation to the cell's longitudinal axis as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,227,701. U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,062 discloses an insulating sealing disk and an integrally formed rupturable membrane, which is oriented vertically, that is, parallel to the cell's central longitudinal axis. When the gas pressure within the cell rises to a predetermined level the membrane ruptures thereby releasing the gas pressure to the external environment through apertures in the end cap.

[0006] Other types of vents are disclosed in the art for relieving gas pressure within an electrochemical cell. One such vent is a reseatable rubber plug, which has been used effectively in connection with small flat rectangular shaped nickel metal hydride rechargeable cells. One such rechargeable battery with the reseatable rubber plug vent is a 7/5-F6 size nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery available commercially as battery model GP14M145 manufactured by Gold Peak Batteries, Hong Kong. The rubber plug is physically compressed to sit tightly within a beveled aperture within a cavity or seat in the cell's end cap assembly. When the cell's internal gas pressure reaches a predetermined level, the plug lifts off its seat thereby letting gas to escape through the underlying aperture. The plug reseats itself when the gas pressure within the cell returns to normal.

[0007] Primary alkaline electrochemical cells typically include a zinc anode active material, an alkaline electrolyte, a manganese dioxide cathode active material, and an electrolyte permeable separator film, typically of cellulose or cellulosic and polyvinylalcohol fibers. The anode active material can include for example, zinc particles admixed with conventional gelling agents, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or the sodium salt of an acrylic acid copolymer, and an electrolyte. The gelling agent serves to suspend the zinc particles and to maintain them in contact with one another. Typically, a conductive metal nail inserted into the anode active material serves as the anode current collector, which is electrically connected to the negative terminal end cap. The electrolyte can be an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide for example, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide. The cathode typically includes particulate manganese dioxide as the electrochemically active material admixed with an electrically conductive additive, typically graphite material, to enhance electrical conductivity. Optionally, small amount of polymeric binders, for example polyethylene binder and other additives, such as titanium-containing compounds can be added to the cathode.

[0008] The manganese dioxide used in the cathode is preferably electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) which is made by direct electrolysis of a bath of manganese sulfate and sulfuric acid. The EMD is desirable, since it has a high density and high purity. The electrical conductivity (resistivity) of EMD is fairly low. An electrically conductive material is added to the cathode mixture to improve the electric conductivity between individual manganese dioxide particles. Such electrically conductive additive also improves electric conductivity between the manganese dioxide particles and the cell housing, which also serves as cathode current collector in conventional cylindrical alkaline cells. Suitable electrically conductive additives can include, for example, graphite, graphitic material, conductive carbon powders, such as carbon blacks, including acetylene blacks. Preferably the conductive material comprises flaky crystalline natural graphite, or flaky crystalline synthetic graphite, including expanded or exfoliated graphite or graphitic carbon nanofibers and mixtures thereof.

[0009] There are small size rectangular shaped rechargeable batteries now available, which are used to power small electronic devices such as MP3 audio players and mini disk (MD) players. These batteries are typically in the shape of a small cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped) somewhat the size of a pack of chewing gum. The term “cuboid” as used herein shall mean its normal geometrical definition, namely, a “rectangular parallelepiped”. Such batteries, for example, can be in the form of replaceable rechargeable nickel metal hydride (NiMH) size F6 or 7/5F6 size cuboids in accordance with the standard size for such batteries as set forth by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The F6 size has a thickness of 6.0 mm, width of 17.0 mm and length of 35.7 mm (without label). There is a version of the F6 size wherein the length can be as great as about 48.0 mm. The 7/5-F6 size has thickness of 6.0 mm, width of 17.0 mm, and length of 67.3 mm. According to the IEC standard, allowed deviation for the 7/5-F6 size in thickness is +0 mm, −0.7 mm, in width is +0 mm, −1 mm, and in length is +0, −1.5 mm. The average running voltage of the F6 or 7/5F6 NiMH rechargeable batteries when used to power miniature digital audio players such as an MP3 audio player or mini disk (MD) players is between about 1.1 and 1.4 volt typically about 1.12 volt.

[0010] When used to power the mini disk (MD) player the battery is drained at a rate of between about 200 and 250 milliAmp. When used to power a digital audio MP3 player the battery is drained typically at a rate of about 100 milliAmp.

[0011] It would be desirable to have a small flat alkaline battery of the same size and shape as small size cuboid shaped (rectangular parallelepiped) nickel metal hydride batteries, so that the small alkaline size battery can be used interchangeably with the nickel metal hydride battery to power small electronic devices such as mini disk or MP3 players.

[0012] It would be desirable to use a primary (nonrechargeble) alkaline battery, preferably a zinc/MnO₂ alkaline battery as a replacement for small rectangular shaped rechargeable batteries, particularly small size nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery.

[0013] However, a particular problem associated with the design of rectangular (cuboid) shaped primary Zn/MnO₂ alkaline battery is that of the tendency of the electrodes to swell during cell discharge. Both anode and cathode swells during discharge.

[0014] For a given housing wall thickness, it will be appreciated that a rectangular shaped cell housing is less able to withstand a given increase in cell internal pressure (due to gassing and cathode expansion) than a cylindrical shaped housing of comparable size and volume. This is due to the significantly higher circumferential stress (hoop stress) imposed on a rectangular (cuboid) shaped housing than on a similar size cylindrical housing for any given pressure and housing wall thickness. The problem of bulging or swelling associated with rectangular shaped cells can be overcome by significantly increasing the wall thickness of the housing. However, a significant increase in housing wall thickness can result in significant decrease in available volume for anode and cathode materials for rectangular cells having small overall thickness, e.g. under about 10 mm. The added wall thickness adds to the cost of manufacture of the cell. In this regard it is desirable to keep the housing wall thickness below about 0.50 mm, preferably less than about 0.47 mm.

[0015] Thus it is desired to design a small flat (nonrechargeable) alkaline cell, such as an F6 or 7/5-F6 size cell having a rectangular (cuboid) shaped housing, but yet with small housing wall thickness, wherein the housing does not significantly bulge or swell during normal cell usage.

[0016] It is desired that such rectangular cell be used as a replacement for a same size flat nickel metal hydride rechargeable cell.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] A principal aspect of the invention is directed to a primary (nonrechargeable) alkaline cell which generates gas, typically hydrogen gas, upon discharge, wherein said cell has an outer casing (housing), an end cap assembly which includes a vent mechanism which allows the gas to escape from the cell when gas pressure reaches a predetermined level. The casing has at least a pair of opposing flat walls running along the cell's length.

[0018] An end cap assembly is inserted into the casing open end and sealed by crimping or welding to close the casing. The casing edge at the open end may be crimped over an insulating seal member, typically of nylon or polypropylene, inserted into the open end, but it is preferred to laser weld a metal cover to the casing to close the open end thereof. The alkaline cell may be in the shape of a parallelepiped, but is desirably in the shape of a cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped). The casing, is thus preferably of cuboid shape, which does not have any integral cylindrical sections. The alkaline cell desirably has an anode comprising zinc, and an aqueous alkaline electrolyte, preferably aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide.

[0019] An end cap assembly includes a venting mechanism and preferably a rectangular shaped metallic cover. The cover is used to close the open end of the casing after the cell contents are inserted into the casing. The metallic cover can form the cell's negative terminal if insulation or an insulating seal member is inserted between the edge of the said cover and the casing edge and the casing edge crimped over the insulation. Alternatively, the cover can be welded directly to the casing edge. If the cover is welded to the casing edge, a separate end cap insulated from the cover can be employed in electrical communication with the anode to function as the cell's negative terminal. The casing is positive and forms the cell's positive terminal.

[0020] In one aspect the metal cover is welded directly to the casing edge to close the casing open end, and a plastic extender or paper washer is stacked on top of the metal cover and a negative end plate in turn is stacked onto the plastic extender or paper washer.

[0021] In an aspect the end cap assembly has an aperture therein and at least a portion of an insulating sealing member, typically of polypropylene or nylon, is inserted into said aperture to seal the cell. In an aspect of the invention the sealing member comprises such plastic material compressed in a radial direction, for example, in a direction about perpendicular to the cell's central longitudinal axis. In another aspect at least a portion of the sealing member may also be compressed in the vertical direction, for example, parallel to the cell's longitudinal axis. (The cell's length may be defined as between said closed end and open ends of the housing and the cell's central longitudinal axis is thus along the cell's length.) In an aspect of the invention the open end of the cell's casing (housing) is closed by laser welding the peripheral edge of a metal cover plate to the casing at the cell's open end. This has the advantage of eliminating the need to crimp the casing closed. In an aspect of the invention the metal cover plate has a centrally located aperture therein and desirably has an integrally formed sleeve extending from the plate towards the cell interior. The sleeve in an alternative embodiment may of course extend upwardly and outward from the cell interior. Preferably the insulating seal member has an integrally formed boss having a cavity therein. The boss extends from the side of the insulating seal member facing towards the casing's open end. The insulating seal boss is interference fitted within the metal cover sleeve. An elongated anode current collector nail is in turn interference fitted to the cavity within said boss. This results in the insulating boss side wall be sandwiched between the metal cover sleeve and the anode current collector nail and the interference fits force the boss side wall into radial compression. Such compression provides a very tight seal at the interface between the anode current collector nail and the insulating seal boss side wall and also between the insulating seal boss side wall and the metal cover sleeve. This reduce the chance of electrolyte leakage from the cell through such interfaces, even though the cell casing may not have been crimped closed. That is, such tight seal is obtained by applying radial compressive forces to the insulating boss within the cell interior which obviates the need to apply radial crimping forces to the external surface of the cell casing. Instead the casing open end is simply closed by laser welding the edge of a metal cover the casing.

[0022] In another aspect the insulating seal boss may be also placed in vertical compression, for example, in a direction parallel to the cell's longitudinal axis in addition to radial compression, for example, in a direction perpendicular the cell's central longitudinal axis. The insulating sealing boss may be placed in vertical compression by adding another metal support plate over the metal cover, with a paper or plastic washer therebetween, and riveting the head of the anode current collector nail to such support plate.

[0023] Thus the anode current collector head may be welded directly to the terminal end cap which is stacked over the metal cover with plastic or paper washer therebetween. Alternatively, the anode current collector head may be welded to an intermediate metal support member stacked over the metal cover with plastic or paper washer therebetween. The metal support member is in turn welded to the terminal end cap to provide the necessary electrical pathway between the current collector and the terminal end cap.

[0024] It has been determined that the greater the radial compression of the insulating boss side wall the less the length of the interface need be between the insulating boss side wall and metal cover sleeve to provide a sufficiently tight electrolyte leak block path at such interface. If the percentage radial compression of the insulating seal boss side wall, (i.e., the percentage compression of such side wall thickness is ΔR %) and the length of the interface between metal cover sleeve and insulating boss side wall is L (mm), then preferably L is between about 0.4 and 6 mm and the ΔR % is desirably between about 0.1 and 40%. The product of ΔR % multiplied by L is desirably between about 0.04 and 240. This range is intended to be generally applicable irrespective of specific cell size. In a preferred embodiment with respect to a 7/5 F6 size flat cell, L is desirably between about 1.08 mm and 2.66 mm and ΔR % is desirably between about 15% and 35%. Thus, for the 7/5 F6 size flat cell the product of ΔR % multiplied by L is most desirably in a range between about 16.2 and 93.1. However, it will be appreciated that the broader range of ΔR % multiplied by L between 0.04 and 240 is also applicable to such 7/5 F6 size cell.

[0025] The cathode comprising MnO₂ is inserted, preferably in the form of a plurality of compacted slabs or disks. The cathode slabs or disks are preferably rectangular shaped, each having a central hollow core running through the slab's thickness. The slabs are inserted so that they are stacked one on top of another. The slabs are aligned along the cell's length, so that their outside surface is in contact with the inside surface of the casing. The stacked cathode slabs form a central hollow core running along the cell's longitudinal axis. The central hollow core within the stacked cathode slabs forms the anode cavity. The inside surface of each cathode slab, which defines the central hollow core (anode cavity) within the slab, is preferably a curved surface. Such curved inside surface improves the mechanical strength. of the slab during transfer and handling and also provides more uniform contact between the electrolyte permeable separator and the cathode. The separator is inserted into the cell's central hollow core (anode cavity) so that the outside surface of the separator abuts and closely contacts the inside surface of the cathode. An anode slurry comprising zinc particles is inserted into the anode cavity with the separator providing the interface between anode and cathode. The end cap assembly has an elongated anode current collector, which is inserted into the anode slurry and in electrical communication with the cell's negative terminal. The end cap assembly has an insulating sealing member, which insulates such anode current collector from the cell's outer casing.

[0026] The anode cavity preferably has an elongated or oblong configuration when the anode cavity is viewed in plan view upon taking a cross section of a cathode slab along a plane perpendicular to the cell's longitudinal axis. The outer casing (housing) is desirably of steel, preferably of nickel-plated steel. The casing wall thickness is desirably between about 0.30 and 0.50 mm, typically between about 0.30 and 0.45 mm, preferably between about 0.30 and 0.40 mm, more desirably between about 0.35 and 0.40.

[0027] In one aspect a reusable or reactivatable vent, preferably, a reseatable plug vent mechanism may be employed as a primary vent mechanism. The reseatable plug is preferably designed to activate when the cell's internal gas pressure reaches a threshold level pressure P1 of between about 100 and 300 psig (689.5×10³ and 2069×10³ pascal gage), desirably between about 100 and 200 psig (689.5×10³ and 1379×10³ pascal gage).

[0028] In another aspect one more spaced apart groove vents, preferably a single continuous groove vent (coined vent) comprising at least one stamped or scored region on the casing surface may be used as the primary venting mechanism. The groove vent can be stamped, cut or scored into the casing surface so that the underlying thinned region ruptures at pressure P1 between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). In such design the reseatable plug may be eliminated. Preferably, the groove vent is located in proximity to the closed end of the casing in proximity to the positive terminal. The groove boundary may be closed or open. The groove can be a straight or substantially straight, preferably parallel to a casing edge. The groove width is typically small, for example, under about 1 mm. However, the term “groove” or “groove vent” as used herein is not intended to be restricted to any particular width or shape, but rather encompasses any depression on the cell's casing resulting in a thinned underlying material region expected to crack or rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a target threshold level. By way of nonlimiting example, in a 7/5-F6 size rectangular cell, there may be a groove vent located on the casing wide face and parallel to a wide edge, preferably in proximity to the casing closed end. There may be a plurality of such groove vents, but desirably only a single groove vent, on a wide side of the casing and about 8 mm in length and about 5 to 10 mm from the closed end of the casing.

[0029] In such aspect of the invention the thinned material underlying the groove vent can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure P1 of between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). To achieve such range in burst pressure between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), the thinned material underlying groove may have a thickness between about 0.04 and 0.15 mm. Alternatively, the thinned material underlying the groove vent can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure of between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), desirably between about 400 and 600 psig (2758×10³ and 4136×10³ pascal gage). To achieve a rupture pressure between 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage) the thinned material underlying the groove may have a thickness between about 0.07 and 0.15 mm.

[0030] The groove vent may be made by stamping the casing surface with a die, preferably a die having a cutting knife edge. A mandrel is held against the inside surface of the casing as the stamping die punches into the casing outside surface. The groove can be conveniently cut in a V shape having equal length sides or in the V shape having unequal length sides. In the former case the sides forming the V shaped groove desirably form an acute angle of about 40 degrees and in the latter case they form an angle preferably between about 10 to 30 degrees.

[0031] In conjunction with the groove vent there may be a supplemental venting system comprising one or more laser welds securing the metal cover to the casing. Such welds may be comprise one or both a weak laser weld and a strong laser weld which may be designed to rupture at pressures higher than the rupture pressure P1 of the thinned region underlying the groove vent. Such laser welds are preferably made using a Nd:Yag laser.

[0032] In an aspect of the invention there may be just one laser weld, namely, a strong weld securing the entire circumferential edge of metal cover to the casing. The strong weld can function as the supplemental venting system designed to rupture under catastrophic conditions, for example, if the cell were inadvertently subjected to recharging under extremely high current or under extremely abusive conditions causing gas generation within the cell to rise abruptly to levels between about 800 psig and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage).

[0033] Thus, in a preferred aspect there is at least a single groove vent stamped or cut onto the cell casing. The single groove vent functions may function as the cell's primary venting mechanism wherein the thinned material underlying the groove is designed to rupture if gas within the cell rises to a level between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), more typically between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). And there is in combination a supplemental venting system comprising a strong laser weld securing the edges of a metal cover to the casing. Such strong laser weld is designed to crack or rupture in the event of a catastrophic situation wherein gas within the cell rises abruptly to levels between about 800 psig and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage). In such case gas within the cell will quickly escape through the rupture and the cell's internal pressure will immediately return to nominal levels.

[0034] In an aspect of the invention the cell is balanced so that the cathode is in excess. Desirably the cell is balanced so that the ratio of theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on a theoretical specific value of 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on a theoretical specific value of 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc) is between about 1.15 and 2.0, desirably between about 1.2 and 2.0, preferably between about 1.4 and 1.8. It has been determined that design of the flat alkaline cell herein at higher ratio of theoretical capacity of MnO₂ to theoretical capacity of zinc reduces the amount of overall swelling. The above ratio of theoretical capacity of MnO₂ to theoretical capacity of zinc can feasibly be as high as about 2.5 or even up to about 3.0 in order to reduce overall swelling, but cell design at such higher ratios above about 2.0 more significantly reduces cell capacity and thus becomes less desirable from that standpoint. It is not known with certainty why this occurs. It may be in part due to the fact the most all of the zinc gets discharged. In such case there is little if any zinc hydroxide intermediates left in the anode, which can cause swelling.

[0035] The ratio of anode thickness to the casing outside thickness is desirably between about 0.30 and 0.40. (Such thicknesses are measured along a plane perpendicular to the cell's longitudinal axis, across the outside thickness of the cell.) Swelling of the cell upon discharge is thereby controlled allowing a flat or rectangular shaped alkaline cell to be used as a primary power source for electronic devices such as portable digital audio players and the like.

[0036] In a specific aspect the alkaline cell has the overall shape of a small cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped), typically having an outside thickness between about 5 and 10 mm, particularly a thickness between about 5 and 7 mm. The outside thickness is measured by the distance between the outside surface of opposing sides of the housing defining the short dimension of the cell. In such embodiment the primary (nonrechargeable) alkaline cell of the invention can be used, for example, as a replacement for small size flat rechargeable cells. In particular such primary alkaline cell can be used as a replacement for same sized rechargeable nickel metal hydride cells, for example, the 7/5-F6 size rectangular rechargeable nickel metal hydride cell.

[0037] In an aspect of the invention a separator can be fabricated into a bag shape having an open end and opposing closed end. Such separator can readily be formed by wrapping a single sheet of separator material and closing one end with adhesive or by heat sealing. After the cathode disks are inserted into the cell casing, the wrapped separator is then inserted so that the separator surface faces the exposed cathode surface. Preferably, the separator width is somewhat less than the width of the total anode cavity. This results in a gap between one short side of the separator and cathode disks. The gap is between about 2 and 4 mm, preferably between about 2 and 3 mm. Anode material can then be filled into the anode cavity through the separator open end. This results in a casing filled with anode material, cathode material, and separator therebetween, wherein there is a gap (void space) between one short side of the separator and the cathode.

[0038] Additional alkaline electrolyte solution can now be added to the cell interior by pouring it into the gap. It can be desirable to add small quantity of additional electrolyte solution to the cell interior after the anode and cathode are in place in the cell. The additional electrolyte may be added in small increments to said gap between separator and cathode, desirably with a short time interval between incremental electrolyte dispenses. In an alterative embodiment a portion of the additional electrolyte may be added to the gap after the cathode is in place but before anode material is inserted into the anode cavity. Then anode material is inserted into the cell's anode cavity and thereafter additional electrolyte may be added to the gap. After the final amounts of alkaline electrolyte is added to said gap between separator and cathode, the anode swells to push the separator surface flush against the cathode, thus causing the gap to disappear.

[0039] The additional electrolyte solution can help to improve anode utilization and overall cell performance. It can also be a factor tending to retard cell swelling. If additional electrolyte is added to said gap, it is preferably added in dispense increments with sufficient time delay between dispenses, for example between about 1 to 4 minutes, to allow for absorption of the electrolyte. Such procedure allows absorption of the added electrolyte into the anode and cathode without causing an overflow of electrolyte into the end cap assembly cavity, that is, the space above the anode. Such overflow could cause wetting of the metal cover surfaces and edges sufficient to interfere with uniform laser welding of the metal cover to the casing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040]FIG. 1 is perspective view of the flat alkaline cell of the invention showing the cell's negative terminal end.

[0041]FIG. 1A is a perspective view of the flat alkaline cell of FIG. 1 showing the cell's positive terminal end.

[0042]FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the cell shown in FIG. 1A taken along view lines 2-2.

[0043]FIG. 2A is a cross sectional view of the cell shown in FIG. 1 taken along view lines 2-2 and showing a modified plug design.

[0044]FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the cell shown in FIG. 1A taken along view lines 3-3.

[0045]FIG. 3A is a cross sectional view of the cell shown in FIG. 1A taken along view lines 3-3 and showing a modified plug design.

[0046]FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the components comprising the end cap assembly for the flat alkaline cell.

[0047]FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the modified plug shown in FIGS. 2A and 3A before it has been compressed into its housing cavity.

[0048]FIG. 4B is a plan view of a cross section of the cell taken in a plane perpendicular to the cell's longitudinal axis along sight lines 4B-4B of FIG. 1A to show an elongated anode cavity.

[0049]FIG. 4C is a plan view of a cross section of the cell to show another embodiment of the elongated anode cavity.

[0050]FIG. 4D is a plan view of a cross section to show a third embodiment of the elongated anode cavity.

[0051]FIG. 5 is an exploded view showing installation of the cell contents and end cap assembly into the cell casing (housing).

[0052]FIG. 6 is a plan view of a metal cover plate shown laser welded along its edge with a strong weld and a weak weld to the inside surface of the cell's casing.

[0053]FIG. 6A is a plan view of a metal cover plate shown laser welded along its edge with a strong weld and a weak weld to the crimped edge of the cell's casing.

[0054]FIG. 7 is a view of the cell casing body showing an embodiment of strong and weak welds therein.

[0055]FIG. 7A is a view of the cell casing body showing an embodiment of curved strong and weak welds therein.

[0056]FIG. 8 is a side view of the cell showing a groove within the casing body forming an underlying region of thinned material.

[0057]FIG. 8A is a side view of the cell showing a plurality of grooves within the casing body wherein each groove forms an underlying region of thinned material.

[0058]FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of a representative groove shown in FIGS. 8 and 8A.

[0059]FIG. 10 is a top plan view of the metal cover laser welded to the cell casing shown in FIG. 10A.

[0060]FIG. 10A is a side view of an embodiment of the flat alkaline cell showing a single grooved vent on a wide side of the casing.

[0061]FIG. 11 is cross sectional view along the wide side of the cell shown in FIG. 10A.

[0062]FIG. 12 is cross sectional view along the short side of the cell shown in FIG. 10A.

[0063]FIG. 13 is an exploded view of the components comprising the end cap assembly for the flat cell shown in FIG. 10A.

[0064]FIG. 14 shows fabrication of the separator for the cell of FIG. 10A from a single sheet of separator material.

[0065]FIG. 14A shows the process of forming a wrapped separator sheet.

[0066]FIG. 14B shows the finished wrapped separator having an open end and opposing closed end.

[0067]FIG. 15 shows an alternative type of V shaped groove cut fro the grooved vent.

[0068]FIG. 16 shows an embodiment wherein there is a gap between a short side of the separator and the cathode.

[0069]FIG. 17 shows an alternative embodiment similar to the cell of FIG. 11 except that a paper washer is stacked over the welded metal cover instead of a plastic extender.

[0070]FIG. 18A is a partial cross sectional view taken along the wide side of an embodiment of the cell of the invention having a sleeved cover.

[0071]FIG. 18B is a partial cross sectional view taken along the short side of the cell shown in FIG. 18A.

[0072]FIG. 18C is an exploded view of the end cap assembly components shown in the embodiments of FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B.

[0073]FIG. 18D is an enlarged cross sectional view of the insulating boss component of FIG. 18A in its original state before the boss side wall is radially compressed.

[0074]FIG. 18E is a partial enlarged cross sectional view of the insulating boss as shown in FIG. 18A after the boss side wall is radially compressed.

[0075]FIG. 19A is a partial cross sectional view taken along the wide side of a second embodiment of the cell of the invention having a sleeved cover.

[0076]FIG. 19B is an exploded view of the end cap assembly components shown in the embodiment of FIG. 19A.

[0077]FIG. 20A is a partial cross sectional view taken along the wide side of a third embodiment of the cell of the invention having a sleeved cover.

[0078]FIG. 20B is an exploded view of the end cap assembly components shown in the embodiment of FIG. 20A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0079] A specific embodiment of the flat alkaline cell 10 of the invention is shown in FIGS. 1-5. Cell 10 has at least two flat opposing sides, which are parallel to the cell's longitudinal axis. Cell 10 is preferably of rectangular shape, that is, a cuboid, as shown best in FIGS. 1 and 1A. The term “cuboid” as used herein shall mean the geometrical definition, which is a rectangular parallelepiped. However, cell 10 can also be a parallelepiped. Outer casing 100 as shown in the figures preferably is of cuboid shape, thus without having any integral cylindrical sections. Cell 10 typically has a thickness smaller than its width and a width smaller than its length. When cell thickness, width, and length are of different dimensions, the thickness will normally be considered the smallest of these three dimensions.

[0080] The cell 10 preferably comprises a cuboid shaped casing (housing) 100, preferably of nickel plated steel. The inside surface of casing 100 is preferably coated with a layer of solvent based carbon coating, for example, available under the trade designation TIMREX E-LB carbon coating. In the embodiment shown in the figures, casing (housing) 100 is bounded by a pair of opposing large flat walls 106 a and 106 b; a pair of opposing small flat walls 107 a and 107 b; a closed end 104; and opposing open end 102. The cell's thickness is defined by the distance between the outside surfaces of walls 106 a and 106 b. The cell's width is defined by the distance between the outside surface of walls 107 a and 107 b. Casing 100 is desirably coated on its inside surface with a layer of carbon or indium to improve conductivity. Cell contents comprising a anode 150, cathode 110 and separator 140 therebetween are supplied through the open end 102. In a preferred embodiment the anode 150 comprises particulate zinc, the cathode 110 comprises MnO2. An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide forms a portion of the anode and cathode.

[0081] The cathode 110 may be in the form of a plurality of slabs 110 a having a hollow central core 110 b through its thickness, shown best in FIG. 5. The cathode slabs 110 a preferably are of overall rectangular shape. The cathode slabs 110 a are inserted into casing 100 and stacked vertically one on top of the other along the cell's length as shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5. Each cathode slab 110 a may be recompacted after it is inserted into casing 100. Such recompaction assures that the outside surface of each cathode slab 110 a is in intimate contact with the inside surface of casing 100. Preferably, the hollow central cores 110 b within cathode slabs 110 a are aligned to form one continuous central core along the cell's longitudinal axis 190, for receiving anode slurry 150. Optionally, the cathode slab 110 a closest to the closed end 104 of casing 100, can have a bottom surface which abuts and covers the inside surface of closed end 104.

[0082] Cathode slabs 110 a can be die cast or compression molded. Alternatively, cathode 110 can be formed of cathode material which is extruded through a nozzle to form a single continuous cathode 110 having a hollow core. Cathode 110 can also be formed of a plurality of slabs 110 a with hollow core 110 b, wherein each slab is extruded into casing 100.

[0083] After cathode 110 is inserted, an electrolyte permeable separator 140 is then positioned within central core 110 b of each slab 110 a so that the outside surface separator 140 abuts the inside surface of the cathode as shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 5. The inside surface of each cathode slab 110 a, which defines said hollow central core 110 b, is preferably a curved surface. Such curved inside surface improves the mechanical strength of the slab during transfer and handling and also provides more uniform contact between the separator 140 and the cathode 110.

[0084] The central core 110 b of slabs 110 a are aligned to form one continuous core as above described. After separator 140 is inserted, the continuous core forms the anode cavity 155 for housing anode material 150. The anode cavity is within the central core of cathode slab 110 a which is devoid of cathode material. The anode cavity 155 has an elongated or oblong shape when viewed in plan view (FIG. 4B) upon taking a cross section of a cathode slab 110 a along a plane perpendicular to the cell's longitudinal axis 190. The cross section of the anode cavity 155 defined by boundary perimeter 156 may be elliptical or substantially elliptical. Cavity 155 has a long dimension D1 which is greater than its short dimension D2. Cavity 155 thus can have a diameter (or width), D1, which is greater along the path of a plane parallel to the wide side (106 a or 106 b) of the cell than its diameter (or width), D2, in the direction of a plane parallel to a narrow side (107 a or 107 b) of the cell. Thus, by way of nonlimiting example, anode cavity 155 may take the shape of an ellipse or appear to be substantially elliptical when viewed in cross section along a plane perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis 190. The opposing long boundary edges 158 a and 158 b of the anode cavity when viewed in cross section (FIG. 4B) may be flat or substantially flat so that the overall configuration is not a perfect ellipse, but nevertheless is of an elongated or oblong shape as shown.

[0085] The cavity 155 has an elongated or oblong shape when viewed in cross section (FIG. 4B, 4C and 4D) obtained by cutting a cathode slab 110 a by a plane perpendicular to the cell's central longitudinal axis 190. Such elongated shape can be an elongated polygon or a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 4C. The axes defining the long dimension D1 and short dimension D2 of cavity 155 defined by boundary perimeter 156 may be skewed as shown in FIG. 4D. Preferably, the cavity 155 when viewed in cross section (FIG. 4B) obtained by cutting a cathode slab 110 a by a plane perpendicular to the cell's central longitudinal axis 190 (FIG. 1A) has at least a portion of its boundary perimeter 156 which is curved. Cavity 155 is desirably of an oblong configuration. In a preferred embodiment substantially all of the boundary perimeter 156 defining cavity 155 is curved. In particular it is desirable that at least the opposing surfaces 157 a and 157 b of cavity 155 closest to the opposing narrow sides 107 a and 107 b of the cell are curved as shown best in FIG. 4B. Preferably, substantially all of the perimeter 156 of cavity 155 when viewed in cross section as above described is curved. The opposing long edges 158 a and 158 b are preferably outwardly curved (convex) when viewed from outside casing 100 as shown in FIG. 4B. However, long edges 158 a and 158 b may be flat or substantially flat. Alternatively, long edges 158 a and 158 b may be slightly inwardly curved (concave) or lightly outwardly curved (convex) or may be of convoluted curvature, for example having alternating convex and concave surfaces. Similarly the short edges 157 a and 157 b may be slightly inwardly curved (concave) or lightly outwardly curved (convex) or may be of convoluted curvature, for example, having alternating convex and concave surfaces. In any cross section of a cathode slab 110 a taken along a plane perpendicular to the cell's longitudinal axis, there is a long dimension D1 of cavity 155 representing its maximum length within the plane and the short dimension D2 representing its maximum width within said plane. The long diameter (D1) will normally be in the direction along a plane parallel to a wide side (106 a or 106 b) of the cell and the small diameter (D2) is in the direction along a plane parallel to a narrow side (107 a or 107 b) of the cell as shown in FIG. 4B. Cavity 155 when viewed in cross section as above described has at least some curvature and is characterized in that the ratio of D1/D2 is greater than 1.0 reflecting that it is of elongated or oblong configuration. The shape of the cavity 155 when viewed in a cross section taken along a plane perpendicular to longitudinal axis 190 desirably has a symmetrical oblong configuration having a ratio of D1/D2 greater than 1.0. In such case the dimensions D1 and D2 are perpendicular to each other as shown in FIG. 4B. By way of a specific nonlimiting example, the shape of cavity 155 in when viewed in such cross section is of oblong shape and may be elliptical or substantially elliptical.

[0086] Anode 150, is preferably in the form of a gelled zinc slurry comprising zinc particles and aqueous alkaline electrolyte. The anode slurry 150 is poured into the central core 155 of the cell along the cell's longitudinal axis 190. Anode 150 is thus separated from direct contact with cathode 110 by separator 140 therebetween.

[0087] After the cell contents are supplied, the cell assembly 12 (FIG. 4) is then inserted into the open end 102 to seal the cell and provide a negative terminal 290. The closed end 104 of the casing can function as the cell's positive terminal. The closed end 104 can be drawn or stamped to provide a protruding positive pip or else a separate end plate 184 having a protruding pip 180 can be welded to the closed end 104 of the casing as shown in FIG. 1A.

[0088] The components comprising a specific embodiment of the end cap assembly 12 are shown best in FIG. 4. End cap assembly 12 comprises an elongated anode current collector 160; an insulating sealing member 220; a metal cover 230 which lies over sealing member 220; a metal rivet 240 which penetrates partially through insulating sealing member 220; a plastic spacer 250, which insulates rivet 240 from metal cover 230; a rubber vent plug 260 seated within a cavity 248 in rivet 240; a vent pip cap 270 over rubber plug 260; a plastic extender seal 280; and a negative terminal plate 290 over plastic extender 280.

[0089] It is herein acknowledged that rubber vent plug 260 as seated within a cavity 248 within a rivet 240, and vent pip cap 270 over rubber plug 260 have been disclosed and used in connection with a commercial 7/5-F6 size rectangular rechargeable nickel metal hydride battery Model No. GP14M145 made by Gold Peak Batteries, Hong Kong. However, Applicants of the present patent application herein have determined that the end cap assembly as a whole in said nickel metal hydride rechargeable battery Model No. GP14M145 causes corrosion and promotes gassing if applied to a primary zinc/MnO₂ alkaline cell. Such corrosion was found to occur between the elongated current collector and the inside surface of the cell housing because the widest part of the current collector was very close (less than about 0.5 mm) to the cell housing inside surface. It will be appreciated that a wide portion, namely flange 161, of current collector 160 is employed in connection with the reseatable vent plug design. Such wide portion of the current collector (flange 161) is required because the current collector is riveted to the underside of insulating sealing member 220. Thus, flange 161 must be sufficiently wide to fasten base 246 of rivet 240 thereto. If the cell 10 is a small size flat cell, for example a cuboid shaped cell having an overall thickness between about 5 and 10 mm, an edge of flange 161 will, therefore, terminate close to an inside surface of casing 100.

[0090] Applicants have modified the subassembly comprising current collector 160 and insulating sealing member 220 by redesigning the insulating sealing member 220 to provide it with a circumventing skirt 226. The insulating sealing skirt 226 surrounds the widest part, namely flange 161 of anode current collector 160. Insulating skirt 161 thus provides a barrier between the edge of current collector flange 161 and the inside surface of casing 100. The insulating skirt 161 has been determined to reduce the production of corrosive chemicals, typically metal containing complexes or compounds, in the space between flange 161 and the inside surface of casing 100 during cell discharge. Such corrosive chemicals, if produced in quantity, can interfere with cell performance and promote cell gassing. Also, in the modified design herein described the widest part of the anode current collector 160, namely, flange 161 is between about 0.5 and 2 mm, preferably between about 0.5 and 1.5 mm from the housing inside surface. This in combination with the use of insulating sealing skirt 226 surrounding current collector flange 161 was determined to prevent the production of any significant amount of corrosive chemicals between current collector wide portion (flange 161) and the casing 100 inside surface. Such modified design of the invention in turn made the reseatable rubber vent plug assembly suitable as a viable vent mechanism for the flat primary alkaline cell herein described.

[0091] The components of the end cap assembly 12 shown best in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be assembled in the following manner: The anode current collector 160 comprises an elongated shaft or wire 162 terminating at its bottom end in tip 163 and terminating at its top end in an outwardly extending integral flange 161, which is preferably at right angles to shaft 162. Thus when the current collector 160 is inserted into anode 150, the edge of outwardly extending flange 161 can be closer to the inside surface of casing 100 than shaft 162. Insulating sealing member 220 has a top panel 227 and opposing open bottom 228. Insulating sealing member 220 is preferably of nylon 66 or nylon 612, which is durable, resistant to alkaline, and permeable to hydrogen. Alternatively, insulating sealing member 220 may be composed of polypropylene, talc filled polypropylene, sulfonated polyethylene or other polyamide (nylon) grades, which are durable and hydrogen permeable. Insulating member 220 is preferably rectangular so that it can fit snugly within the open end 102 of casing 100. The opposing side walls 226 a and opposing end wall 226 b extending from top end 227 of insulating member 220 forms a downwardly extending skirt 226 around top panel 227. Skirt 226 defines the bounds of open bottom 228 of said insulating sealing member 220. There is an aperture 224 through the top panel 227. There is a metal cover 230 which can be a metal plate having an aperture 234 therethrough. There is a metal rivet 240 having a head 247 and base 245. Rivet 240 can be of nickel plated steel or stainless steel. Rivet 240 has a cavity 248 within head 247. Cavity 248 passes completely through rivet head 247 and the rivet shaft 245. The flange 161 of current collector 160 is inserted into the open bottom 228 of insulating sealing member 220 so that the flange 161 of the current collector 160 is surrounded and protected by insulating skirt 226 of said sealing member 220. As shown in FIG. 4, flange portion 161 of current collector 160 has an aperture 164 therethrough. The base 246 of rivet 240 can be passed through said aperture 164 and riveted to said flange 161 to keep the current collector 160 in electrical contact with said rivet. In such embodiment insulating skirt 226 provides a barrier between flange 161 of the current collector and the inside surface of the cell's casing 100. It has been determined that narrow gaps, for example, less than about 0.5 mm, between any surface of the anode current collector 160 and the cell's casing 100 inside surface can provide regions in which corrosive by-products can occur during alkaline cell discharge. This in turn can passivate neighboring regions of the anode current collector 160 and promote gassing. The downward extending skirt 226 of insulating sealing member 220 is intended to surround outwardly extending portions of the current collector 160 such as integral flange 161, thereby providing a barrier between the widest portions of the current collector 160 and casing 100. This has been determined to resolve the corrosion problem and reduce gassing. Applicant has modified the design by redesigning the widest part of the current collector preferably by providing a barrier, namely an insulating skirt 226 surrounding the widest part, namely flange 161 of anode current collector 160. The placement and effect of skirt 226 are described in greater detail in the following paragraphs herein. In Applicant's modified design herein described the widest part of the anode current collector 160, namely flange 161, is between about 0.5 and 2 mm, preferably between about 0.5 and 1.5 mm from the housing inside surface. Also, circumventing insulating skirt 226 provided a barrier between current collector flange 161 and casing 100. These design features were determined to resolve the corrosion problem and make the reseatable rubber vent plug assembly suitable as a viable vent mechanism for the flat primary alkaline cell of the invention.

[0092] In forming end cap assembly 12, the flange portion 161 of current collector 160 is positioned so that aperture 164 therethrough is aligned with aperture 224 through top panel 227 of the insulating sealing member 220. The metal cover 230 is positioned over the top panel 227 of the insulating sealing member 220 so that aperture 234 through metal cover 230 is aligned with aperture 224. A plastic spacer disk 250 is inserted over metal cover 230 so that the aperture 252 through spacer disk 250 is aligned with aperture 234 of metal cover 230. In the preferred embodiment (FIG. 4), the base 246 of rivet 240 is passed through aperture 252 of plastic spacer 250 and also through aperture 234 of metal cover 230. Base 246 of rivet 240 is also passed through aperture 224 of insulating sealing member 220 and aperture 164 of current collector flange 161. Plastic spacer 250 insulates rivet 240 from metal cover 230. The base 246 of rivet shaft 245 extends through aperture 224 of the insulating sealing member 220 and underlying aperture 164 within the top flange portion 161 of anode current collector 160. Base 246 of the rivet shaft can be hammered into place against the bottom surface of current collector flange 161 using an orbital riveter or the like. This locks the rivet shaft in place within aperture 224 of the insulating sealing member 220 and also secures the current collector 160 to the rivet shaft 245. This keeps the current collector 160 in permanent electrical contact with rivet 240 and prevents the rivet shaft 245 from being removed or dislodged from aperture 224 of the insulating sealing member 220. The rivet head 247 is tightly seated over plastic spacer 250. This forms a subassembly comprising rivet 240, plastic spacer 250, metal cover 230, insulating sealing member 220 and anode current collector 160. The subassembly can be stored until ready for further assembly.

[0093] The assembly process is completed by inserting rubber vent plug 260 into cavity 248 within the rivet head 247. Plug 260 is preferably in a truncated conical shape and is designed to fit snugly within cavity 248 of rivet head 247. Plug 260 is preferably of a compressible, resilient material which is resistant to alkaline electrolyte. A preferred material for plug 260 is a rubber, preferably a neoprene or EPDM (ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer) rubber or other alkaline resistant compressible rubber. The surface of the plug 240 is preferably coated with a nonwetting agent such as Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene), asphalt or a polyamide. A metal vent pip cap 270 is then inserted over plug 260. The vent pip cap 270 is pressed onto plug 260 with force sufficient to compress the plug by about 0.55 mm. This has been determined to provide a seal which can withstand internal gas pressure buildup of about 200 psig (13.79×10⁵ pascal). Plug 260 compression can be adjusted so that the seal can withstand internal pressures typically between about 100 and 300 psig (6.895×10⁵ and 20.69×10⁵ pascal gage), desirably between about 100 and 200 psig (6.895×10⁵ and 13.79×10⁵ pascal gage). Higher degree of compression of plug 260 is also possible, if desired, to enable the seal to withstand higher pressures, that is, higher than 300 psig (20.69×10⁵ pascal gage). Conversely reduced compression of plug 260 is possible, if desired, so that the seal is maintained up to a pressure thresholds at any desired value below 100 psig. The base 273 of vent pip cap 270 can have several downwardly extending segments which fit into indentations or crevices 253 within the top surface of plastic spacer 250 as vent cap 270 is pressed onto plug 260. This is shown best in FIG. 5. After vent pip cap 270 is inserted over plug 260, thereby compressing said plug within rivet head cavity 248, vent cap 270 is welded to rivet head 247. Plug 260 is thereby maintained compressed within rivet head cavity 248. The plastic extender member 280 is placed over the vent cap head 271. The vent cap head 271 protrudes through aperture 282 within plastic extender 280. A terminal end plate 290 (negative terminal), is then welded to vent cap head 271. Vent cap 270 is thus welded to both end plate 290 and rivet 240. Terminal end plate 290 is constructed of a conductive metal having good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance such as nickel plated cold rolled steel or stainless steel, preferably, nickel plated low carbon steel. Thus, a completed end cap assembly 12 is formed with terminal end plate 290 in permanent electrical contact with current collector 163.

[0094] The completed end cap assembly 12 is then inserted into the open end 102 of casing 100. The current collector shaft 162 penetrates into anode slurry 150. The edge of metal cover 230 is welded, preferably by laser welding, to the top peripheral edge 104 of the casing. This holds the end cap assembly 12 securely in place and seals the open end 102 of the casing as shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A. End terminal plate 290 is in electrical contact with current collector 160 and anode 150, and thus forms the cell's negative terminal for the zinc/MnO2 alkaline cell embodiment described herein. It will be appreciated that the negative terminal plate 290 is electrically insulated from casing 100 by plastic extender 280. Rivet 240 and anode current collector 160 is electrically insulated from casing 100 by plastic spacer 250 and insulating sealing member 220. As shown in FIGS. 1A, 2 and 3, pip 180 at the opposing closed end of casing 100 forms the cell's positive terminal. The pip 180 can be integrally formed from the closed end 104 of the casing or may be a formed of a separate plate 184, which is separately welded to the closed end as shown in FIG. 1A. The completed cell is shown in the perspective views of FIGS. 1 and 1A and in cross sectional views of FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0095] In operation during cell discharge or storage, if the gas pressure within the cell builds up to exceed the design threshold level, plug 260 becomes unseated within rivet head cavity 248. This will allow gas to escape from within the cell interior through rivet head cavity 248, then through vent aperture 272 of vent cap 270 and to the external environment. As pressure within the cell is reduced, plug 260 becomes reseated within rivet head cavity 248.

[0096] As an added safety feature the cell can be provided with a second venting device which functions to supplement the reseatable plug vent 260. The supplemental vent may be designed to activate in a catastrophic situation, for example, if the user inadvertently attempts to recharge primary cell 10 for long periods of time using battery chargers designed for flat rechargeable cells. The cell 10 of the invention is designed to be a primary (nonrechargeable cell). Despite ample written notice on the cell label that the cell should not be recharged, it is always possible that the user will inadvertently attempt to recharge the cell in a conventional flat battery charger, for example, one designed for recharging a flat nickel metal hydride cell. If the cell is abused in this manner by attempting to recharge for a long period of time, there is risk that the internal pressure level could rise abruptly.

[0097] If cell 10 is inadvertently subjected to recharging (although it is intended as a primary nonrechargeable cell), plug vent 260 will unseat thereby releasing pressure as the internal gas pressure reaches the design threshold, desirably a pressure between about 100 and 300 psig (6.895×10⁵ and 20.69×10⁵ pascal gage). Plug 260 will unseat again should the pressure again build up upon continued charging for long periods of time. Such process of plug unseating and reseating can be repeated many times resulting in a pulsed release of gas pressure from the cell interior. Under such abuse conditions there is the chance that KOH electrolyte will gradually enter and crystallize within the free space between the plug 260 and the inside surface of rivet head cavity 248 housing plug 260. (Plug 260 is held compressed within rivet head cavity 248 by vent cap 270 which is welded to the rivet head). The accumulation of such crystallized KOH reduces the amount of free space between plug 260 and the inside surface of vent cap 270. This can make it gradually more difficult for the plug 260 to properly unseat as the recharging process is continued, since there may be less free space available for plug 260 to expand into when the threshold gas pressure is reached. Accumulation of crystallized KOH within a small amount of free space within rivet head 248 can also impede proper venting of gas through vent aperture 272 in vent cap 270.

[0098] Several improvements in design are proposed herein in order to reduce the deleterious effect of such KOH crystalline buildup between plug 260 and the inside surface of vent cap 270:

[0099] The venting system of the invention may include primary and supplemental venting mechanisms. The primary venting mechanism is activated when gas pressure within the cell builds up to a design pressure threshold level, P1. It is desirable to have a supplemental venting mechanism which activates at a higher pressure level, P2, in the event that the primary vent mechanism fails to operate properly or if the cell is subjected to an abusive situation resulting in a rapid build up of gas pressure. One such abusive situation could occur, for example, if the cell were subjected inadvertently to charging for an extended period. In one specific embodiment of the invention a reseatable plug 240 is employed as a primary venting mechanism, which activates at a design threshold pressure P1, between about 100 and 300 psig. A supplemental venting mechanism can be a weak laser weld anywhere within a cut out portion of the casing body 100 or end cap assembly 12. The weak laser weld is designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a higher pressure P2, desirably between about 400 and 800 psig. There may be a strong weld, preferably contiguous with the weak weld. The strong weld is designed to rupture at yet a higher pressure P3, desirably between about 800 and 2500 psig.

[0100] One embodiment the supplemental venting system can be provided by forming a weak laser weld along a portion of the laser welded interface between the metal cover 230 and inside surface of casing 100. (Metal cover 230 is used to close the open end 102 of casing 100.) Preferably, a weak laser weld 310 a can be applied between a major portion of one of the metal cover long edges 230 a and casing edge 108 a as shown in FIG. 6. The weak laser weld 310 a can be applied so that the weld thickness is such that it will crack or rupture desirably as gas within the cell builds up to a pressure of between about 400 and 800 psig (2748×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal). The depth of penetration of the weak weld can be adjusted to achieve the desired rupture pressure. A rupture pressure between about 400 and 800 psig (2748×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage) can be achieved with a depth of penetration of the laser weld between about 2 and 4 mil (0.0508 and 0.102 mm). The weak weld may desirably run along a major portion of at least one of the long edges 230 a of metal cover 230. Preferably, the weak weld begins at a point 312 a which is at least about 1 mm from the corner intersecting short edge 108 c and long edge 108 a of casing 100. Thus, for a flat 7/5-F6 cell the length of the weak weld may be at least about 10 mm, typically about 13 mm.

[0101] The remainder of the perimeter interface between the edge of metal cover 230 and the casing edge (casing edges 107 c, 107 d, and 106 d) (FIG. 6) can be provided with a strong laser weld 310 b designed to rupture at a higher pressure level, for example, a gas pressure between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage), typically between about 800 and 1600 psig (5515×10³ and 11030×10³ pascal gage). The depth of, penetration of the strong weld can be adjusted to achieve the desired rupture pressure. A rupture pressure between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage) can be achieved with a depth of penetration of the laser weld between about 5 and 7 mil (0.127 and 0.178 mm). The depth of penetration of the strong weld can be more finely adjusted allowing the weld to rupture at a desired pressure level, for example, between about 1300 and 1600 psig (8962×10³ and 11030×10³ pascal gage).

[0102] Although the edge of metal plate 230 is shown welded to the inside surface of metal casing 100 as shown in FIG. 6, there can be alternative embodiments wherein the edge of metal plate 230 is welded to an edge of metal casing instead of the inside surface of casing 100. One such alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 6A. In such embodiment (FIG. 6A) the casing edge 108 defined by opposing long edges 108 a and 108 b and opposing short edges 108 c and 108 d are crimped so that such edges lie in about the same plane as metal plate 230. Thus, the edges 230 a and 230 b of metal plate 230 can be laser welded directly to the crimped casing edge 180. A strong laser weld 310 b can be applied between plate edge 230 b and casing edges 108 b, 108 c, and 108 d; a weak laser weld 310 a can be applied between plate edge 230 a and casing edge 108 a.

[0103] In yet other embodiments there can be cut out portions within the body of casing 100. The cut out portion may be of varying shape. For example, the cut out portion may be polygonal (FIG. 7) or may have at least a portion of its boundary curved (FIG. 7A). A metal plate, e.g. plate 400 (FIG. 7) or plate 500 (FIG. 7A) may by inserted into such cut out portions. The edges of metal plate 400 (FIG. 7) or metal plate 500 (FIG. 7A) may be laser welded to the casing to close the cut out portion. The welds may desirably be in the form of a strong laser weld 410 b and a contiguous weak laser weld 410 a as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 7. The welds may in the form of a strong laser weld 510 b and preferably a contiguous weak laser weld 510 a as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 7A.

[0104] The strong and weak welds can be achieved using different types of lasers operating within a range of peak power output. The following are nonlimiting examples of a weak and strong welds produced using a Nd:Yag laser. The weak weld as above described will crack or rupture as above described when gas pressure within the cell reaches a threshold pressure of between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). The strong weld will rupture when the gas pressure within the cell reaches a threshold pressure of between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage), typically between about 800 and 1600 psig (5515×10³ and 11030×10³ pascal gage). The weak weld in particular provides a supplemental venting system allowing gas to escape from within the cell should the cell be abused as above described.

[0105] Alternatively, the supplemental venting mechanism may be in the form of a grooved vent, that is, one or more grooves on the surface of casing 100 which results in an underlying thinned material region. The depth of the groove and thickness of the underlying thinned material region can be adjusted so that the thinned region ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a pressure P2 greater than P1. In another embodiment the reseatable plug can be eliminated and a laser weld can be used as the primary vent mechanism activating at a pressure P1. In such embodiment the supplemental venting mechanism may be a thinned material region underlying a groove on the casing surface. The thinned material may be designed to rupture at a higher pressure level P2.

[0106] In yet another embodiment there can be a plurality of grooves on the casing surface. One groove may have underlying thinned regions of small thickness allowing it to rupture as gas within the cell builds up to the design pressure level, P1. A second groove on the casing surface, which may be contiguous with or spaced apart from the first groove, may have an underlying thinned region designed to rupture if gas pressure within the cell builds up to a higher pressure, P2.

[0107] When the casing 100 is of steel, for example, nickel plated cold rolled steel or stainless steel, a groove such as groove 600 a (FIG. 8) can be formed on the casing surface so that the thinned material underlying the groove will rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a pressure of between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). The non grooved portions of the casing wall may typically have an average wall thickness of between about 0.3 and 0.50 mm, desirably between about 0.3 and 0.45 mm. In order to achieve rupture pressures between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), the groove is formed so that the underlying thinned material has a thickness typically of between about 0.07 and 0.08 mm. In a specific nonlimiting example, if the groove is formed so that the underlying thinned material has a thickness of about 0.074 mm, such underlying material will rupture when the gas pressure within the cell reaches a level of about 435 psig (2999×10³ pascal gage).

[0108] A groove 600 which may, for example, be in the form of a groove 600 a or 600 b (FIGS. 8-8A) on the casing surface may be made by stamping the surface of the casing with a die, preferably a die having a cutting knife edge. A mandrel is held against the inside surface of the casing as the stamping die punches into the casing outside surface. For grooves formed with such stamping or cutting die, the thickness of the underlying thinned region 610 (FIG. 9) primarily determines the pressure at which the thinned region will rupture. The groove cut may desirably be V-shaped (FIG. 9), which is obtained preferably with a stamping die having a knife edge. The V shaped groove desirably has an acute angle, α, of about 40 degrees. The groove 600 can be made by other methods, for example, by chemical etching.

[0109] The thinned material underlying groove 600 is preferably the same as the casing material, typically of nickel plated cold rolled steel. The groove 600 may have boundaries which are straight or curved or may have a combination of straight and curved portions. The groove 600 may have boundaries which are rectangular, polygonal or oblong. The groove may have at least a portion of their boundaries which are convoluted, that is partially convex and partially concave. The groove boundary may be closed or open. In a preferred embodiment herein the groove can be a straight or substantially straight, preferably parallel to a wide edge 108 a of the casing (FIG. 8-8A). For example, in a 7/5-F6 size rectangular cell, the groove 600 a (FIGS. 8 and 8A) can desirably be located parallel to casing wide edge 108 a and about 10 mm therefrom and may have a length of about 8 mm.

[0110] There may be a second groove 600 b spaced apart from a first groove 600 a as shown in FIG. 8A. In a specific non limiting embodiment the second groove 600 b may be parallel to groove 600 a and about 10 mm form the positive terminal 180 (closed end). Groove 600 b may have a length of about 8 mm. In such case the underlying material thickness of each groove 600 a and 600 b may be different so that the underlying material in each ruptures when gas pressure within the cell reaches different pressure levels. For example, the thinned material underlying groove a 600 a can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure of between about 250 and 800 psig. To achieve such range in burst pressure between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), the thinned material underlying groove 600 a has a thickness between about 0.04 and 0.15 mm. Alternatively, the thinned material underlying groove 600 a can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure of between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). To achieve such burst pressure between 400 and 800 psig the thinned material underlying the groove 600 a has a thickness between about 0.07 and 0.15 mm. The thinned material underlying second groove 600 b can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell ruptures in a catastrophic situation in the event that the cell be misused and gas pressure within the cell rapidly rises to a level of between about 800 and 1600 psig (5515×10³ and 11030×10³ pascal gage). In order to achieve rupture at pressure levels between about 800 and 1600 psig the thinned material 610 underlying groove 600 b, typically has a thickness of between about 0.15 and 0.35 mm.

EXAMPLE 1 Weak Weld Using Nd:Yag Laser

[0111] The weak weld used to weld metal cover 230 to casing 100 along casing edge 106 c (FIG. 6 or 6A) can be produced by employing an Nd:Yag laser. The laser is operated at a frequency of about 100 Hertz. The peak power output per pulse is about 35 Watts. The average power output is 0.5 Killiwatts. The pulse width (cycle time between peak power) is about 0.7 millisecond. The laser feed rate (rate of movement of the laser along weld path) is about 3 inches per minute. A uniform weld along long edge 106 c of the casing is produced thereby welding abutting long edge 230 a of metal cover 230 thereto. The weld had a uniform depth of penetration between about of 2 and 4 mils (0.0508 and 0.102 mm), typically about 3 mil (0.0762 mm). The weld cracks when pressure within the cell reaches a level of between about 400 and 800 psig (2757×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage) and thereby functions as a supplemental vent should the operation of primary vent (plug 260) become compromised.

EXAMPLE 2 Strong Weld Using Nd:Yag Laser

[0112] The strong weld used to weld metal cover 230 to casing 100 along casing edges 106 d, 107 c and 107 d (FIG. 6 or 6A) can be produced by employing an Nd:Yag laser. The strong weld used to weld metal cover 230 to casing 100 along casing edge 106 d, 107 c and 107 d can be produced by employing an Nd:Yag laser. The laser is operated at a frequency of about 12 Hertz. The peak power output per pulse is about 46 Watts. The average power output is 0.65 Killiwatts. The pulse width (cycle time between peak power) is about 5.9 millisecond. The laser feed rate (rate of movement of the laser along weld path) is about 2 inches per minute. A uniform weld along long edges 106 d, 107 c, and 107 d of the casing is produced thereby welding abutting edges of metal cover 230 thereto as shown in FIG. 6. The weld had a uniform depth of penetration of between about 5 and 7 mils (0.127 and 0.178 mm), typically about 6 mil 0.152 mm). The weld cracks when pressure within the cell reaches a level of between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage), typically between about 800 and 1600 psig (5515×10³ and 11030×10³ pascal).

[0113] In commercial production the above described Nd:Yag laser could be operated at higher peak power of about 125 Watts to produce the weak weld and a peak power of about 150 Watts to produce the strong weld. Such operation at higher peak power allows the laser to be moved along the weld path (feed rate) at higher speed.

[0114] Additionally in order to reduce the deleterious effect of any KOH crystalline buildup between plug 260 and the inside surface of vent cap 270, which may possibly occur if the cell is inadvertently subjected to charging, the plug 260 may be modified so that it occupies less space within the cavity in rivet head 247 housing plug 260. A specific embodiment of such improved design is shown as plug 260 in FIGS. 2A, 3A, and 4A. In the improved design of plug 260 shown in FIG. 4 the plug occupies less space within rivet head cavity 248 than the frustum design for the plug shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. After the plug 260 of compressed into the rivet head cavity 248 the amount of free space within cavity 248 housing said plug is greater than about 10 percent, desirably between about 10 and 40 percent. By contrast the amount of free space within the rivet cavity of plug 260 shown in the frustum embodiment shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 is typically less than about 10 percent.

[0115] It has been determined that the greater amount of free space, typically between about 10 and 40 percent within rivet head cavity 248, which is achieved with the modified plug design (FIG. 4A) assures more effective operation of the plug in an abuse situation, for example, if the cell is inadvertently subjected to charging as above described. Such modified plug 260 (FIG. 4A) desirably unseats as gas pressure within the cell reaches the design threshold level, e.g. between about 100 and 300 psig. The greater amount of free space within rivet head cavity 248 accommodates any gradual KOH crystalline buildup therein, which may occur if the cell is abused by inadvertent charging. There is nevertheless enough free space remaining within rivet head cavity 248 to allow the plug 260 to operate effectively in unseating itself to allow gas pressure to release as pressure within the cell builds up to the design threshold level.

[0116] The shape of plug 260 can be altered as shown in FIG. 4A to achieve the greater amount of free space within rivet head cavity 248. In the modified design (FIG. 4A) plug 260 has a cylindrical base 262 and integrally formed cylindrical body 261 of smaller diameter extending therefrom. The ratio of diameter of body 261 to the diameter of base 262 can be adjusted as required to achieve the desired greater amount of free space within rivet head cavity 248, typically between about 10 and 40 percent, after modified plug 260 (FIG. 4A) has been compressed within the cavity. The cylindrical shape of body 261 withstands well the pressure of compressing plug 260 within rivet head cavity 248. Modified plug 260 (FIG. 4A) is compressed within rivet head cavity 248 by applying a force to the top surface 263 of the plug and then welding vent cap 270 to the rivet head 247. This keeps plug 260 tightly seated in compressed state within rivet head cavity 248. In the compressed state the body 261 of plug 260 assumes a bulbous configuration as shown in FIGS. 1A and 2A. When gas pressure within the cell builds up to a threshold level, desirably between about 100 and 300 psig, the plug unseats itself thereby letting gas from within the cell to escape through vent apertures 272 within vent cap 270. Preferably there are at least two vent apertures 272 within vent cap 270 to assure that there will be a clear path through which gas can escape from vent cap 270 as plug 270 unseats. Plug 260 is desirably of an elastomeric, preferably rubber material which is sufficiently compressible and resilient, yet resists chemical attack or physical degradation upon contact with alkaline electrolyte. A preferred rubber material for plug 260 is vulcanized EPDM rubber, desirably having a Durometer hardness between about 80 and 85.

[0117] Although the modified configuration for plug 260 as shown in FIG. 4A is preferred, it will be appreciated that other shapes of the plug can help achieve the desired increase in free space within rivet head cavity 248 which houses the plug. For example, the body 261 of the plug could be slightly sloped instead of cylindrical as shown in FIG. 4A. Also the width of rivet head cavity can be enlarged in the direction of wide side of the cell (FIG. 2A). In such case the rivet head cavity 248 will be elongated along one axis, that is, in the direction of the wide side of the cell (FIG. 2A). However, the symmetrical (circular) rivet head cavity 248, as presently shown in the figures, is preferred.

[0118] It is not intended to restrict the invention to any particular size rectangular cell. However, by way of particular example, the alkaline cell 100 can be is a small sized rectangular (cuboid), typically having a thickness between about 5 and 10 mm, particularly a thickness between about 5 and 7 mm as measured by the outside* surface of the casing in the direction of the cell thickness. The cell width may typically be between about 12 and 30 mm and the cell length may typically be between about 40 and 80 mm. In particular the alkaline cell 10 of the invention can be used as a replacement for same sized rechargeable nickel metal hydride cells, for example, standard 7/5-F6 size rectangular cells. The 7/5-F6 size cell has thickness of 6.1 mm, width of 17.3 mm, and length of about 67.3 mm.

[0119] Chemical Composition of a Representative Cell

[0120] The following description of cell composition regarding chemical composition of anode 150, cathode 110 and separator 140 is applicable to the flat cell disclosed in the above described embodiment.

[0121] In the above described cell 10, the cathode 110 preferably comprises manganese dioxide, and an anode 150 comprises zinc and electrolyte. The aqueous electrolyte comprises a conventional mixture of KOH, zinc oxide, and gelling agent. Alternatively, the anode 150 may comprise zinc and the cathode 110 may comprise nickel oxyhydroxide. In such embodiment the aqueous electrolyte preferably also comprises KOH. Cathode formulations comprising nickel oxyhydroxide are known in the art and are suitable for cathode 110 in the context of the flat cell 10 of the invention. For example, such typical formulations for nickel oxyhydroxide cathodes are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,091 B2 or U.S. patent application publication US2004/0043292A1, both incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. The anode material 150 can be in the form of a gelled mixture containing mercury free (zero-added mercury) zinc alloy powder. That is, the cell has a total mercury content less than about 100 parts per million parts (ppm) of zinc by weight, preferably less than 50 parts mercury per million parts of zinc by weight. The cell also preferably does not contain any added amounts of lead and thus is essentially lead-free, that is, the total lead content is less than 30 ppm, desirably less than 15 ppm of the total zinc in the anode. Such mixtures can typically contain aqueous KOH electrolyte solution, a gelling agent (e.g., an acrylic acid copolymer available under the tradename CARBOPOL C940 from B. F. Goodrich), and surfactants (e.g., organic phosphate ester-based surfactants available under the tradename GAFAC RA600 from Rhône Poulenc). Such a mixture is given only as an illustrative example and is not intended to restrict the present invention. Other representative gelling agents for zinc anodes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,404.

[0122] The cathode 110 desirably has the following composition: 87-93 wt % of electrolytic manganese dioxide (e.g., Trona D from Kerr-McGee), 2-6 wt % (total) of graphite, 5-7 wt % of a 7-10 Normal aqueous KOH solution having a KOH concentration of about 30-40 wt %; and 0.1 to 0.5 wt % of an optional polyethylene binder. The electrolytic manganese dioxide typically has an average particle size between about 1 and 100 micron, desirably between about 20 and 60 micron. The graphite is typically in the form of natural, or expanded graphite or mixtures thereof. The graphite can also comprise graphitic carbon nanofibers alone or in admixture with natural or expanded graphite. Such cathode mixtures are intended to be illustrative and are not intended to restrict this invention.

[0123] The anode material 150 comprises: Zinc alloy powder 62 to 69 wt % (99.9 wt % zinc containing indium containing 200 to 500 ppm indium as alloy and plated material), an aqueous KOH solution comprising 38 wt % KOH and about 2 wt % ZnO; a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer gelling agent available commercially under the tradename “CARBOPOL C940” from B. F. Goodrich (e.g., 0.5 to 2 wt %) and a hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile grafted onto a starch backbone commercially available commercially under the tradename “Waterlock A-221” from Grain Processing Co. (between 0.01 and 0.5 wt. %); organic phosphate ester surfactant RA-600 or dionyl phenol phosphate ester surfactant available under the tradename RM-510 from Rhone-Poulenc (between 100 and 1000 ppm). The term zinc as used herein shall be understood to include zinc alloy powder which comprises a very high concentration of zinc, for example, at least 99.9 percent by weight zinc. Such zinc alloy material functions electrochemically essentially as pure zinc.

[0124] In respect to anode 150 of the flat alkaline cell 10 of the invention, the zinc powder mean average particle size is desirably between about 1 and 350 micron, desirably between about 1 and 250 micron, preferably between about 20 and 250 micron. Typically, the zinc powder may have a mean average particle size of about 150 micron. The zinc particles in anode 150 can be of acicular or spherical shape. The spherical shaped zinc particles are preferred, since they dispense better from dispensing nozzles used to fill the relatively small anode cavity of the cell with zinc slurry. The bulk density of the zinc in the anode is between about 1.75 and 2.2 grams zinc per cubic centimeter of anode. The percent by volume of the aqueous electrolyte solution in the anode is preferably between about 69.2 and 75.5 percent by volume of the anode.

[0125] The cell 10 can be balanced in the conventional manner so that the mAmp-hr capacity of MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr. per gram zinc) is about 1. However, it is preferred to balance the cell so that the cathode is in significant excess. Preferably cell 10 is balanced so that the total theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ divided by the total theoretical capacity of the zinc is between about 1.15 and 2.0, desirably between about 1.2 and 2.0, preferably between about 1.4 and 1.8, more preferably between about 1.5 and 1.7. Cell balance with such cathode excess has been determined to reduce the amount of cathode expansion because there is a smaller percentage conversion of MnO₂ to MnOOH on discharge based on total cell weight. This in turn reduces the amount of swelling of the cell casing. The above ratio of theoretical capacity of MnO₂ to theoretical capacity of zinc can feasibly be as high as about 2.5 or even up to about 3.0 in order to reduce overall swelling, but cell design at such higher ratios above about 2.0 more significantly reduces cell capacity and thus becomes less desirable from that standpoint.

[0126] It has been determined desirable to have the casing 100 wall thickness between about 0.30 and 0.50 mm, typically between about 0.30 and 0.45 mm, preferably between about 0.30 and 0.40 mm, more desirably between about 0.35 and 0.40. Cell 10 is preferably of cuboid shape (FIGS. 1 and 2) having an overall thickness desirably between about 5 and 10 mm. In combination therewith the cell is balanced so that the cathode is in excess. Desirably the cell is balanced so that the ratio of theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr. per gram zinc) is between about 1.15 and 2.0, desirably between about 1.2 and 2.0, preferably between about 1.4 and 1.8. The ratio of anode thickness to the casing outside thickness is desirably between about 0.30 and 0.40. (Such thicknesses are measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 190, across the thickness (small dimension) of the cell.)

[0127] The separator 140 can be a conventional ion porous separator consisting of an inner layer of a nonwoven material of cellulosic and polyvinylalcohol fibers and an outer layer of cellophane. Such a material is only illustrative and is not intended to restrict this invention.

[0128] Casing 100, is preferably of nickel plated steel. Casing 100 is desirably coated on its inside surface with a carbon coating, preferably a graphitic carbon coating. Such graphitic coatings can, for example, be in the form of aqueous based graphite dispersion, which can be applied to the casing inside surface and subsequently dried under ambient conditions. The graphitic carbon improves conductivity and can indirectly reduce cell gassing by reducing the chance of surface corrosion occurring on the casing inside surface. The metallic cover 230, negative terminal plate 290 and positive terminal plates 180 are also preferably of nickel plated steel. Current collector 160 can be selected from a variety of known electrically conductive metals found to be useful as current collector materials, for example, brass, tin plated brass, bronze, copper or indium plated brass. Insulating sealing member 220 is preferably of nylon 66 or nylon 612.

[0129] The following a specific examples showing comparative performance using same size rectangular cell with different cell balance. The fresh cell in each case had a thickness of 5.6 mm, a width of 17 mm, and length of 67 mm. (All dimensions are outside dimensions without a label around the casing, unless otherwise specified.) The casing 100 wall thickness was the same at 0.38 mm for each of the cells tested. The casing 100 for each cell was nickel plated steel coated on its inside surface with graphitic carbon. The cell configuration was the same in each case, as depicted in the drawings (FIGS. 1-5). The edge of the wide portion (flange 161) of the anode current collector 160 was about 0.5 mm from the inside surface of casing 100. Circumventing skirt 226 of insulating sealing member 220 surrounded said wide portion (flange 161) of current collector 160, thereby providing a barrier between it and the inside wall surface of casing 100.

[0130] All cell components, were the same as above described and each cell tested had a vent end cap assembly 12 as shown in the figures. The only difference was in cell balance and anode composition. The comparative cell (Comparative Example) was balanced so that the balance ratio, namely, theoretical capacity of the MnO2 (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc) was 1.1. The test cell of Test Example 1 was balanced so that the balance ratio, namely, theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ divided by the theoretical capacity of the zinc was 1.25. The test cells of Test Examples 2 and 3 were balanced so that the theoretical capacity of the MnO2 divided by the theoretical capacity of the zinc was 1.6 and 2.0, respectively.

[0131] The comparative and test cells in the following examples were discharged intermittently at cycles of 90 milliwatts power on followed by three hours power off, until a cutoff voltage of 0.9 Volts was reached. (Such intermittent discharge simulates typical usage of portable solid state digital audio players, which are typically capable of using the MP3 audio format.) The actual service hours total was then recorded and the amount of swelling of the cell casing was evaluated and recorded.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE Comparative Cell

[0132] A comparative test cell 10 of rectangular (cuboid) configuration and end cap assembly shown in the drawings was prepared. The cell as defined by the casing 100 outside dimensions had a length of about 67 mm and a width of about 17 and a thickness (before discharge) of about 5.6 mm. The anode 150 and cathode 110 had the following composition.

[0133] Anode Composition: Wt. % Zinc¹ 70.0 Surfactant² 0.088 (RA 600) Electrolyte³ 29.91 (9 Normal KOH) 100.00

[0134] Cathode Composition: Wt. % MnO₂ (EMD) 87.5 (Trona D from Kerr McGee) Graphite¹ 7.4 (NdG15 natural graphite) Electrolyte 5.1 (9 Normal KOH) 100.0

[0135] The casing 100 wall thickness for the cell was 0.38 mm. The fresh cell 10 had a length of 67 mm, thickness of 5.6 mm and a width of 17 mm. The cell's anode 150 and cathode 110 was balanced so that the theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc) was 1.1. The anode had 2.8 grams zinc. (The cathode had 6.89 grams MnO₂.) The anode 150, cathode 110 and separator 140 comprised about 66 percent of the external volume of casing 100 of configuration shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A. The ratio of anode thickness to the casing outside thickness was about 0.35. The thicknesses are measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 190, across the outside thickness (small dimension) of the cell.

[0136] The cell was discharged intermittently at cycles of 90 milliwatts with “power on” followed by three hours “power off”, until a cutoff voltage of 0.9 Volts was reached. The actual service life was 24.5 hours. The casing had swelled from a thickness of 5.6 mm to a thickness of 6.13 mm. (Thickness measured between outside surface of side walls 106 a and 106 b shown in FIG. 1A.)

TEST CELL EXAMPLE 1

[0137] A test cell 10 of rectangular configuration and of same size as in the comparative example was prepared. The anode 150 and cathode 110 had the following composition.

[0138] Anode Composition: Wt. % Zinc¹ 66.0 Surfactant² 0.083 (RA 600) Electrolyte³ 34.0 (9 Normal KOH) 100.08

[0139] Cathode Composition: Wt. % MnO₂ (EMD) 87.5 (Trona D from Kerr McGee) Graphite¹ 7.4 (NdG15 natural graphite) Electrolyte 5.1 (9 Normal KOH) 100.0

[0140] The casing 100 wall thickness for the test cell was 0.38 mm. The fresh cell 10 had a length of 67 mm, thickness of 5.6 mm and a width of 17 mm. The cell's anode 150 and cathode 110 was balanced so that the theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc) was 1.25. The anode had 2.56 grams of zinc. (The cathode had 7.11 grams MnO₂.) The anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator comprised about 66 percent of the external volume of casing 100, that is, as measured between its closed end 104 and open end 102. The ratio of anode thickness to the casing outside thickness was about 0.35. The thicknesses are measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 190, across the outside thickness (small dimension) of the cell.

[0141] The cell was discharged intermittently at cycles of 90 milliwatts with “power on” followed by three hours “power off”, until a cutoff voltage of 0.9 Volts was reached. The actual service life was 24.3 hours. The casing had swelled from a thickness of 5.6 mm to a thickness of 6.03 mm. (Thickness measured between outside surface of side walls 106 a and 106 b shown in FIG. 1A.) The service hours were about the same as in the comparative example, however, the casing swelling was less.

TEST CELL EXAMPLE 2

[0142] A test cell 10 of rectangular configuration and of same size as in the comparative example was prepared. The anode 150 and cathode 110 had the following composition.

[0143] Anode Composition: Wt. % Zinc¹ 60.0 Surfactant² 0.083 (RA 600) Electrolyte³ 39.92 (9 Normal KOH) 100.00

[0144] Cathode Composition: Wt. % MnO₂ (EMD) 87.5 (Trona D from Kerr McGee) Graphite¹ 7.4 (NdG15 natural graphite) Electrolyte 5.1 (9 Normal KOH) 100.0

[0145] The casing 100 wall thickness for the test cell was 0.38 mm. The fresh cell 10 had a length of 67 mm, thickness of 5.6 mm and a width of 17 mm. The cell's anode 150 and cathode 110 was balanced so that the theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc) was 1.6. The anode had 2.01 grams of zinc. (The cathode had 7.13 grams MnO₂.) The anode, cathode and separator comprised about 66 percent of the external volume of casing 100. The ratio of anode thickness to the casing outside thickness was about 0.35.

[0146] The thicknesses are measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 190, across the outside thickness (small dimension) of the cell.

[0147] The cell was discharged intermittently at cycles of 90 milliWatts with “power on” followed by three hours “power off”, until a cutoff voltage of 0.9 Volts was reached. The actual service life was 20.9 hours. The casing had swelled from a thickness of 5.6 mm to a thickness of 5.95 mm. (Thickness measured between outside surface of side walls 106 a and 106 b shown in FIG. 1A).

TEST CELL EXAMPLE 3

[0148] A test cell 10 of rectangular configuration and of same size as in the comparative example was prepared. The anode 150 and cathode 110 had the following composition.

[0149] Anode Composition: Wt. % Zinc¹ 52.0 Surfactant² 0.083 (RA 600) Electrolyte³ 47.92 (9 Normal KOH) 100.00

[0150] Cathode Composition: Wt. % MnO₂ (EMD) 87.5 (Trona D from Kerr McGee) Graphite¹ 7.4 (NdG15 natural graphite) Electrolyte 5.1 (9 Normal KOH) 100.0

[0151] The casing 100 wall thickness for the test cell was 0.38 mm. The fresh cell 10 had a length of 68 mm, thickness of 5.6 mm and a width of 17 mm. The cell's anode 150 and cathode 110 was balanced so that the theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mamp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc ) was 2.0. The anode had 1.61 grams of zinc. (The cathode had 7.13 grams MnO₂.) The anode, cathode and separator comprised about 66 percent of the external volume of casing 100. The ratio of anode thickness to the casing outside thickness was about 0.35. The thicknesses are measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 190, across the outside thickness (small dimension) of the cell.

[0152] The cell was discharged intermittently at cycles of 90 milliWatt with “power on” followed by three hours “power off”, until a cutoff voltage of 0.9 Volts was reached. The actual service life was 18.5 hours. The casing had swelled from a thickness of 5.6 mm to a thickness of 5.87 mm. (Thickness measured between outside surface of side walls 106 a and 106 b shown in FIG. 1A).

Discussion of the Test Results

[0153] In the above tests, the same size flat cell has been balanced at progressively higher balance ratios. The edge of the wide portion (flange 161) of the anode current collector 160 was about 0.5 mm from the inside surface of casing 100 and was surrounded by insulating barrier 226. The balance ratios have been defined as the theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc). In the above Comparative Test swelling of the flat test cell increases significantly from an overall thickness of 5.6 mm to 6.13 mm when the cell's balance ratio (theoretical capacity of MnO₂ to theoretical capacity of zinc) is about 1.1. In test Example 1 (balance ratio of 1.25) the cell swells less, namely from 5.6 mm to 6.03 mm. In test Example 2 (balance ratio of 1.6) the cell swells from 5.6 mm to 5.95 mm. In test Example 3 (balance ratio of 2.0) the cell swells even less from 5.6 mm to 5.87 mm. The cell service life becomes moderately less (from 24.5 hours to 20.9 hours) as balance ratios increase between 1.1 and 1.6 and more significantly less (18.5 hours) at the highest balance ratio of 2.0.

[0154] Another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 10-17. Although a reusable or reactivatable vent mechanism such as reseatable plug 260 is desirable, it can be eliminated as in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10-17. It was already indicated hereinabove that reseatable plug 260 can be eliminated and a weak laser weld can be used as a primary vent mechanism which cracks or ruptures at the activation pressure of the reseatable plug, namely a pressure P1 preferably between about 100 to 300 psig (689×10³ and 2068×10³ pascal). In such case (with reseatable plug eliminated) it was stated hereinabove that the supplemental venting mechanism may be a thinned material region underlying a groove (groove 600 a or 600 b), on the casing surface. The thinned material may be designed to rupture at a higher pressure level P2.

[0155] As now shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 10-17 it has been determined that one or more groove vents, preferably a single groove vent 600 a or 600 b can be used as the primary venting mechanism. In such case the single groove vent such as 600 a or 600 b can be cut or scored into the casing surface so that the underlying thinned region ruptures at pressure P1. Preferably, the single groove vent 600 b is located in proximity to the closed end of the casing in proximity to positive terminal 180 as shown in FIG. 10A. The groove boundary may be closed or open. In a preferred embodiment herein the groove can be a straight or substantially straight, preferably parallel to a wide edge 108 a of the casing (FIG. 8-8A). For example, in a 7/5-F6 size rectangular cell, there may be a groove vent 600 b located on the casing wide face 106 a (FIG. 10A). In a preferred embodiment groove vent 600 b comprises the only groove vent on the casing surface. By way of nonlimiting example, groove 600 b may be a straight groove parallel to the closed end of the cell (FIG. 10A) Preferably the ends of straight groove 600 b may be equidistant from the narrow sides of the casing. In such preferred embodiment groove 600 b may be about 8 mm in length and about 5 to 10 mm from the closed end 104 of the casing as shown in FIG. 10A. Although the straight groove 600 b is desirable, it is not intended to limit such groove to such configuration. It will be appreciated that the groove vent 600 b may have other configurations, such as curvilinear shape or partially straight and partially curvilinear and may form an open or closed boundary pattern.

[0156] The thinned material underlying groove 600 b (FIG. 10A) can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure of between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). To achieve such range in burst Grafite. pressure between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), the thinned material underlying groove 600 b has a thickness between about 0.04 and 0.15 mm. Alternatively, the thinned material underlying groove 600 b can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure of between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). To achieve such burst pressure between 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage) the thinned material underlying the groove 600 b has a thickness between about 0.07 and 0.15 mm. The width of groove 600 b (FIG. 10A) at its base (adjacent thinned area 610) may typically be between about 0.1 and 1 mm, more typically between about 0.1 and 0.5 mm. Within such range the rupture pressure is controlled primarily by the thickness of the underlying thinned region. However, it will be appreciated that wider grooved or cut areas with underlying thinned regions on casing 100 are also possible.

[0157] Groove 600 b may be made by stamping the surface of casing 100 with a die, preferably a die having a cutting knife edge. A mandrel is held against the inside surface of the casing as the stamping die punches into the casing outside surface. Groove 600 b can be cut in a V shape having equal length sides shown in FIG. 9 or in the V shape having unequal length sides as shown in FIG. 15. In the former case (FIG. 9) the sides forming the V shaped groove desirably has an acute angle, α, of about 40 degrees and in the latter case (FIG. 15) it has an angle preferably between about 10 to 30 degrees. In conjunction with groove 600 b there may be one or more laser welds securing metal cover 230 to casing 100. Such welds may be comprise one or both a weak laser weld and a strong laser weld which may be designed to rupture at pressures higher than the rupture pressure of the thinned region underlying groove 600 b. As earlier described such laser welds may be made using an Nd:Yag laser. The placement of contiguous weak and strong laser welds, for example, weld 310 a and 310 b, used to secure metal cover 230 to casing 100 have been shown and described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 6A. In a preferred embodiment there may be just one laser weld, namely, a strong weld 310 b securing the entire circumferential edge of metal cover 230 to casing 100 as shown in FIG. 10. The strong weld 310 may be designed to rupture under catastrophic conditions for example, if the cell were inadvertently subjected to recharging under extremely high current or under extremely abusive conditions causing gas generation within the cell to rise abruptly to levels between about 800 psig and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage).

[0158] Thus, in a revised preferred cell embodiment shown in FIGS. 10 and 13, the single groove 600 b functions as the cell's primary venting mechanism wherein the thinned material 610 (FIGS. 9 and 15) underlying groove 600 b is designed to rupture if gas within the cell rises to a level between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), more typically between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). And the strong laser weld 310 b securing the edges of metal cover 230 to casing 100 (FIG. 10) is designed to function as the cell's supplemental venting system. Such strong laser weld 310 b is designed to crack or rupture in the event of a catastrophic situation when gas pressure within the cell rises abruptly to levels between about 800 psig and 2500 psig. The rupture of laser weld 310 b under such catastrophic situations will allow gas to escape therethrough quickly reducing gas pressure within the cell to nominal levels.

[0159] The cell shown in FIGS. 10 and 10A is shown in the cross section view of FIG. 11 taken through a plane parallel to large side 106 a and in cross section view of FIG. 12 taken through a plane parallel to narrow side 107 a. As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 the reseatable plug 260 incorporated the previous specific embodiment (FIG. 2 and FIG. 4) has been eliminated. It was also possible to eliminate related components forming the cell's end cap assembly 12, namely, the elimination of vent pip cap 270 and plastic spacer disk 250 shown in earlier embodiments (FIGS. 2 and 4). The reduction in number of number components forming the end cap assembly 12 is also reflected in FIG. 13 which is an exploded view of the cell's internal components. Thus, in the revised embodiment (FIGS. 10-13) rivet 240 can be welded directly to the negative terminal plate 290 as shown best in FIGS. 11 and 12.

[0160] Welding of the rivet 240 to the negative terminal plate 290 can be efficiently performed by electrical resistance welding. Rivet 240 is preferably of brass, desirably brass plated with a layer of tin typically between about 1 to 3 micron thick. The negative terminal plate 290 is preferably of nickel plated cold rolled steel. It has been determined that the welding can be most efficiently performed and a uniform weld readily achieved when the thickness of the terminal plate 290 at the weld site is about 4 mil (0.102 mm). It is desirable that the remaining portion of terminal plate 290 be thicker, preferably about 8 mil (0.204 mm) for overall strength. Since 8 mil thick cold roll steel plate is commercially available, it was determined that the central portion 290 a (FIG. 13) of terminal plate 290, that is, the weld area can be readily be stamped with a mandrel to reduce its thickness of the plate at the weld site to about 4 mil (0.102 mm). The stamping is preferably done from the top side of terminal plate 290 (FIG. 13) to form stamped area 290 a. Such procedure will leave the thickness of the remaining portion 290 b (FIG. 13) of terminal plate 290 at its original 8 mil (0.204 mm) thickness.

[0161] The central portion 290 a (FIG. 13) of terminal plate 290 can be stamped in various configurations, for example, rectangular, circular or oval. In the case of a rectangular or oval stamped area 290 a the long dimension of the stamped area 290 a (in the direction of wide side of the casing) should be somewhat greater than the rivet head 247 diameter to allow for placement of the welding electrodes (not shown). For example, with a 3 mm diameter rivet head 247, the long dimension of the stamped area 209 a may be about 4 mm and the short dimension of the stamped area 290 a may be between about 3 to 4 mm. If the stamped area is circular, its diameter may be between about 3 to 4 mm, if the rivet head 247 diameter is about 3 mm.

[0162] In assembling the flat alkaline cell 10 of revised embodiment (FIGS. 10-13), anode material 150 comprising zinc and cathode material comprising MnO₂ with separator 140 therebetween is inserted into the cell casing 100 through open end 102. The end cap assembly 12 (FIG. 13) is formed by inserting metal cover 230 over insulating seal member 220 so that the protruding head 221 of the seal member is inserted into aperture 234 of the metal cover 230. The rivet shaft 240 is then inserted through aperture 234 in metal cover plate 230 (FIG. 13). The rivet shaft 240 is insulated from metal cover 230 by protruding head 221 of the insulating seal member 220. The top flange portion 161 of anode current collector 160, preferably of brass, is pushed up against the bottom surface of sealing member 220 and fastened to the lower portion of rivet 240, preferably of brass or tin plated brass by conventional riveting technique, thus electrically connecting current collector 160 to rivet 240. There is an aperture 164 in current collector flange 161 and also an opening 249 a in the lower portion of rivet 240 to make it easier to fasten anode current collector 160 to rivet 240. (The upper portion 249 b of rivet 240 is desirably solid as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12.) Upon fastening the current collector 160 to rivet 240 sealing member 220 becomes wedged between current collector flange 161 and the bottom surface of metal cover 230.

[0163] As shown best in FIGS. 10 and 11 metal cover 230 is welded by a strong laser weld (rupture pressure preferably 800 to 2500 psig) to the inside surface of casing 100. The central portion of metal cover 230 is indented or depressed forming well region 235 (FIG. 11). A sealing material 236, preferably an asphalt sealant available under the trade designation KORITE asphalt sealant (Customer Products) is applied to the depressed well region 235 on the surface of metal cover 230 (FIG. 11 and 13). KORITE asphalt sealant is a nonhardening asphalt comprising a mixture of about 55 to 70 wt. % asphalt and 30 to 45% toluene solvent. The viscosity of the sealant can be adjusted by adjusting the asphalt/solvent ratio and temperature of the sealant as it is being applied. Preferably, the well region 235 within cover plate 230 and rivet head 247 are heated before the asphalt sealant is poured into the well region 235. Desirably, the asphalt sealant is at a viscosity of about 1000 centipoise as it is being poured into well region 235. The asphalt fills depressed region 235 and provides additional sealing protection between rivet 240 and sealing member 220. The subassembly comprising metal cover 230 rivet 240 and insulating seal member 220 is then inserted into the open end 102 of the casing so that the current collector shaft 162 penetrates into the anode material 150 (FIGS. 11 and 12). After the circumferential edge of metal cover 230 is laser welded to casing 100, a plastic extender seal 280 (FIG. 13) can be inserted over rivet 240. This is done by inserting rivet head 247 through aperture 282 of the plastic extender 280. A flat negative metal plate 290 is then placed onto the top surface of plastic extender 280 so that it contacts the protruding rivet head 247. The negative plate 290 is then welded to rivet heat 247 to complete construction of end cap assembly 12. The completed end cap assembly 12 in cell 10 is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12.

[0164] In laser welding the edge of metal cover 230 to casing 100 it is preferred to apply a heat conductive medium, desirably a liquid or metal to metal cover 230. The heat conductive medium is preferably a liquid which can be conveniently placed within the well or trough region 235 on the surface of metal cover 230. Such heat conductive medium can absorbs a substantial portion of the heat generated during the laser welding. Sufficient heat can be absorbed in this manner to prevent metal cover 230 from reaching a temperature higher than about 100° C. during the welding when employing a Nd:Yag (or equivalent) laser. Alternatively, the metal cover can be precooled to a temperature less than ambient room temperature (21° C.), preferably to a temperature approaching the freezing point of water and even lower. Such precooling can also help to keep metal cover 230 from exceeding 100° C. during the welding operation. Additionally, the metal cover 230 can be precooled and heat conductive medium also applied to the metal cover 230.

[0165] Plastic extender seal 280 is press fitted into casing 100 above metal cover 230. If the metal cover 230 is not kept sufficiently cool during laser welding, seal 280 could possibly overheat to a point adversely affecting its physical properties. This could result in a loss in radial compression, that is, a loosing of the tight fit between seal 280 and casing 100, in turn providing a path to the casing exterior for electrolyte which may have leaked into the region between metal cover 230 and metal cover 280. Thus, it is recommended to keep metal cover 230 sufficiently cool, or apply a heat conductive medium to the metal cover to assure that sufficient heat is absorbed during the laser welding operation. A convenient way of accomplishing this is to simply add a small amount of cool deionized water, e.g at about 5 to 10° C., to the trough region 235 of metal cover 230. This keeps the temperature of metal cover 230 below about 100° C., in turn allowing seal 280 (FIGS. 11 and 12) to stay within a favorable working temperature. (After the laser welding operation sealant, e.g. asphalt sealant, can be added to well area 235 in the manner earlier described.) Alternatively, a metal block (optionally precooled) can be applied in contact with metal cover 230. The metal block, typically of steel, can absorb sufficient heat during the welding operation to assure that the metal cover 230 does not reach temperatures above about 100° C.

[0166] Although water can be added to well area 235 to keep metal cover 230 cool during the laser operation, it will be appreciated that other suitable coolants can be used. For example, instead of pure water, a cool aqueous solution of polyvinylalcohol and potassium hydroxide may be used. The polyvinylalcohol will coat out on the top surface of metal cover 230 thereby providing additional sealing protection between metal cover 230 and seal 280. Such solution can also be applied directly to the underside of plastic seal 280 (FIGS. 11 and 12) thereby providing additional sealing protection to the undersurface of seal 280.

[0167] Alternatively, a gelling agent can be added to the aqueous cooling solution supplied to well 235. The term gelling agent is intended to include conventional gelling agents as well as superabsorbents. Such gelling agents include polyacrylic acid, polyacrylates, the sodium salt of an acrylic acid copolymer, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, starch graft copolymers and the like. The gelling agent will coat the surface of metal cover 230 to provide additional sealing protection between metal cover 230 and seal 280. The gelling agent can be applied as a powder to the underside of plastic seal 280 using compression rollers and the like (FIGS. 11 and 12) to thereby coat seal 280 with gelling agent and provide additional sealing protection.

[0168] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17 employing a paper washer 295 instead of plastic seal 280, the paper washer can be pre saturated with an aqueous solution comprising a gelling agent or with an aqueous solution of polyvinylalcohol and potassium hydroxide. Such prewetting of paper washer 295 provides additional sealing protection should electrolyte leak into the region between metal cover 230 and terminal plate 290 (FIG. 17. Additionally, a separate layer comprising gelling agent powder can be pressed onto the underside of washer 295, using compression rollers and the like or dispersed within the fibrous network comprising washer 295, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,264.

[0169] A separate protruding metal member 180 can be welded to opposing closed end 104 of the cell. In the completed cell 10 (FIGS. 10-13) metal member 180 is in electrical contact with the cell casing and thus forms the cell's positive terminal. End plate 290 is in electrical contact with rivet 240 which in turn in electrical contact with anode current collector 160 and thus forms the cell's negative terminal.

[0170] Although the invention is described in detail in terms of the specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that variations in design of specific components are possible and are intended to be within the concept of the invention. For example, the current collector 160 (FIGS. 4 and 13) is shown as an elongated member in the shape of a nail terminating at its top end in a horizontally extending flange 161 with an aperture 164 therethrough. This design is attractive, since it makes it easy to fasten the top flange 161 of current collector 160 to the bottom surface 249 (FIG. 11) of rivet 240. This may be accomplished by conventional riveting technique wherein the bottom surface 249 of the rivet is inserted into the flange aperture 164 and then crimped to secure the current collector flange 161 to rivet 240. In such design the current collector shaft is offset, that is does not lie along the cell's central longitudinal axis. Such offset does not appear to significantly interfere with efficient discharge of the anode or with the overall performance of the cell. The current collector shaft 162 is shown as a straight nail in the embodiment of FIG. 4 and as straight nail having a curved surface in the embodiment shown in FIG. 13. In either case the nail is offset from the cell's central longitudinal axis 190, as shown for example, in FIG. 11.

[0171] It will be appreciated that other current collector designs are possible. For example, rivet 240 may be a solid member having a head portion 247 (FIG. 11) with an integrally formed elongated shaft portion (not shown) in the shape of a nail extending downwardly from head 247 and at least partially penetrating into anode 150. In such case the current collector shaft can be oriented so that it is centrally located along the cell's central longitudinal axis 190. The head portion 247 of such rivet can still be welded to the terminal end plate 290 in the manner above described.

[0172] Another specific embodiment of the flat cell of the invention is shown in FIG. 17. In this embodiment a paper washer 295, for example of Kraft paper, can be employed between metal cover 290 and the negative terminal plate 290 instead of plastic extender 280. The Kraft washer is durable and provides the necessary electrical insulation between metal cover 230 and terminal plate 290. Such design reduces the height of rivet head 247 thereby compacting the total height of the end cap assembly 12. It also has the advantage of eliminating the need to mold a plastic extender 280. This in turn results in more available volume for anode/cathode active material within the cell interior. (The other components of the cell shown in FIG. 17 are essentially the same as those shown and described with respect to the cell shown in FIGS. 10-12.) It will be appreciated that the rivet 240 shown in FIG. 17 with separate current collector 160 fastened thereto may be replaced with a single rivet with integral elongated current collector, e.g. in the shape of a nail, extending therefrom and penetrating at least a portion of anode 150. Such integral current collector may be centrally located along the cell's central longitudinal axis 190.

[0173] It will be appreciated that each of the cell embodiments are intended to have a conventional film label wrapped around the cell casing. Suitable plastic film for such label are known in the art and typically comprise polyvinylchloride. The label can be imprinted with desired design or indicia. Such labels may be adhesive coated, typically at the edges and applied by wrapping around the casing surface. Alternatively, the label can be applied in the form of a sleeve and heat shrunk onto the casing surface. A typical label 12 is shown in FIG. 17.

[0174] Three additional embodiments of the cell of the invention are shown in the figures. The first of the additional embodiments is shown in FIGS. 18A-18C, the second in FIGS. 19A-19B, and the third in FIGS. 20A-20B. Each of these three embodiments have modified end cap assemblies 12 a, 12 b, and 12 c (FIGS. 18-18C; FIGS. 19A-19B; and FIGS. 20A-20B, respectively) which are designed to improve the seal between the anode current collector and the welded metal cover as well as between the plastic insulating seal and said welded cover. This is accomplished in part by designing the end cap components such that there is an interference fit, preferably at least two interference fits between two or more components comprising the end cap assembly. Such interference fits exert radial compression on the end cap assembly components being fitted thereby providing a tighter seal. Preferably one such interference fit is developed as the anode current collector, desirably in the form of a straight nail, is pushed through a narrow aperture within the insulating seal member. A second interference fit is developed as an upwardly extending boss portion of the insulating sealing member is pushed into a sleeve, preferably extending from the central portion of the metal cover.

[0175] To effect such second interference fit, the plastic insulating member in each of the above referenced three embodiments (FIGS. 18A-20A) desirably has an integrally formed upwardly extending central boss. Conversely the metal cover is preferably provided with a centrally located sleeve extending towards the cell interior. Desirably, such sleeve is integrally formed within the cover and has an inside diameter which is equal to or smaller than the outside diameter of insulating seal central boss. Thus, there is an interference fit formed between the sleeve within said metal cover, initially uncompressed, and the boss as the boss is pushed into said sleeve. When the end cap assembly is formed, the metal cover is preferably laser welded along its peripheral edge to the cell casing to close the open end of said casing and hold the end cap assembly in place therein. The laser welding may be accomplished employing an Nd:Yag (or equivalent) laser as described with respect to the preceding embodiments. Alternatively the edge of the metal cover may be crimped over casing.

[0176] In the cell embodiment of FIGS. 18A-18C the casing (housing) 100 is shown in FIG. 18A having open top end 102 with end cap assembly 12 a closing said open end 102. A negative terminal end cap 790 is shown electrically insulated from casing 100 at the top of the cell. The casing 100 may have an opposing closed end (not shown) such as closed end 104 with a positive terminal 180 such as that shown in the embodiment of FIG. 19A. In the cell embodiment of FIGS. 18A-18C there is shown (FIGS. 18A-18C) an end cap assembly 12 a comprising a metal cover (lid) 730, plastic insulating seal 720, anode current collector nail 760, end cap 790 and paper washer 780 between the terminal end cap and 790 and metal cover 730. Metal cover 730 and terminal end cap 790 are formed of a conductive metal having good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance such as nickel plated cold rolled steel or stainless steel, preferably, nickel plated low carbon steel. Current collector 760 can be selected from a variety of known electrically conductive metals found to be useful as current collector materials, for example, brass, tin plated brass, bronze, copper or indium plated brass. As described with respect to the preceding embodiments the cathode 110 may comprise manganese dioxide in the form of stacked slabs 110 a or may be in the form of an extruded paste packed against the cell casing 100 inside surface. The anode 150 may be a slurry comprising zinc particles which is inserted into anode cavity 155. In such case end cap 790 forms the cell's negative terminal. Preferably end cap 790 comprises a centrally located raised portion 794 forming the negative terminal contact. The cell's positive terminal (not shown) may be at the opposing closed end of the cell. The cell's closed end and positive terminal may be the same construction, for example, as shown and described with respect to the preceding embodiment of FIG. 17. There is an electrolyte permeable separator 140 between anode 150 and cathode 110. After the end cap assembly 12 a is formed, it is inserted into the cell's open end 102 so that the tip 763 of the anode current collector 760 (FIG. 18C) penetrates into anode 150. The peripheral edge 732 of metal cover 730 is preferably laser welded to the inside surface of cell casing 100 to close the open end 102 of the casing. End cap 790 which forms a cell terminal is exposed at the top of the cell.

[0177] The end cap assembly 12 a may be formed by first welding the head 762 of the anode current collector 760 to the bottom surface of end cap 790 in a first step. The anode current collector 760 is desirably in the form of an elongated nail having a head 762 at one end and tip 763 at the other end as shown best in FIG. 18C. Metal cover 730 has an integrally formed downwardly extending sleeve 733 defining aperture 734 which runs through the central portion of cover 730. Plastic insulating seal 720 has a panel 727 which forms the seal's top surface. There is an integrally formed skirt 726 extending downwardly from one side of panel 727 and an integrally formed boss 725 protruding upwardly from the opposite side of panel 727. The skirt 726 comprises integrally formed side panels 726 a which defines an open bottom 728 of the insulating seal (FIG. 18C). Skirt 726 protects and holds the top portion of separator 140 in place as shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B. Boss 725 extending from insulating seal 730 defines an aperture 724 therein which runs through said insulating seal 730. The inside diameter of metal cover sleeve 733 is equal to or smaller than the outside diameter of boss 725 of insulating seal 720.

[0178] In a second step a bead of sealant material, for example, asphalt sealant available under the trade designation KORITE sealant may be applied to the outside surface of boss 725. (KORITE asphalt sealant is a nonhardening asphalt comprising a mixture of about 55 to 70 wt. % asphalt and 30 to 45% toluene solvent.) Sleeve 733 of metal cover 730 is then pushed over boss 725, thereby radially compressing boss 725 and developing an interference fit between these two components. In such manner metal cover 730 becomes locked onto insulating seal 720. The sealant material, e.g. KORITE asphalt sealant, or the like, between sleeve 733 and boss 725 provides additional sealing protection between these two components.

[0179] In a third step a paper (or plastic) washer 780 may be adhesively seated onto the top surface of metal cover 730. The underside of washer 780 may be precoated in advance with pressure sensitive adhesive or the like so that the washer 780 adheres to the top surface of the metal cover 730. A seal material, for example, KORITE asphalt or the like may be applied to a portion of the surface the anode current collector nail 760. Preferably such asphalt sealant, or equivalent sealant, may be conveniently applied in the form of a bead placed just below head 762. The outside diameter of nail 760 is equal to or larger than the inside diameter of aperture 724 within boss 725 of insulating seal 720. Nail 760 is then pushed through aperture 725 so that the inside surface of boss 725 defining aperture 725 is compressed radially, in a direction perpendicular to longitudinal axis 190, thus holding nail 760 in interference fit against the inside surface of boss 725. The sealant material, e.g. KORITE asphalt sealant, or the like, between nail 760 and the inside surface of boss 725 provides additional sealing protection between these two components. As nail 760 is pushed through aperture 724 of the insulating seal 720 a completed end cap assembly 12 a is formed.

[0180] In a fourth step the end cap assembly 12 a is then inserted into the open end 102 of casing 100 so that nail 760 penetrates into anode 150. The peripheral edge 732 of metal cover 730 is then welded preferably by laser to the inside surface of casing 100, thereby closing the casing open end 102. There is developed a tight seal between anode nail 760 and insulating seal 720 and also between insulating seal 720 and metal cover 730 within end cap assembly 12 a, thereby preventing leakage of electrolyte from the cell.

[0181] In another cell embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B there is an end cap assembly 12 b which is similar to end cap assembly 12 a described above. The casing (housing) 100 is shown in FIG. 19A having open top end 102 and opposing closed end 104 with end cap assembly 12 b closing said open end 102. A negative terminal end cap 790 is shown electrically insulated from casing 100 at the top of the cell and an opposing positive terminal 180 is shown at the opposing end. A film label 112 is shown applied over the casing surface. One difference in the embodiment of FIG. 19A compared to the preceding embodiment (FIG. 18A) is that the anode current collector 760 is a riveted nail. That is, the nail 760 is inserted into aperture 724 of insulating sealing member 720 by forcing head 762 of nail 760 (FIG. 19B) up through aperture 724 from the underside of insulating seal 720 until flange 765 on nail 760 comes to rest against the bottom surface of insulating seal 720. The nail head 762 is then flattened or riveted to a set height to seal 720, preferably with a metal support member 770 therebetween to provide added strength. As in the previous embodiment (FIGS. 18A-18C) an asphalt sealant may be applied as a bead to the outside surface of anode current collector nail 760 between head 762 and flange 765 before the nail is inserted up through aperture 724 within insulating seal 720. Also prior to insertion of nail 760 through aperture 724 the diameter of aperture 724 is equal to or smaller than the outside diameter of nail 760. Thus, an interference fit is developed between the surface of nail 760 and the inside surface of boss 725 defining aperture 724 as the nail 760 is forced therethrough. Also as described with reference to the preceding embodiment (FIGS. 18A-18C) the inside diameter of sleeve 733 extending downwardly from metal cover 730 is equal to or smaller than the outside diameter of boss 725 extending from insulating seal 730. Thus, as sleeve 733 is pushed over boss 725, the boss 725 is radially compressed and an interference fit is developed between these two components. Such interference fit effectively locks metal cover 730 to insulating seal 720 and reduces the chance of electrolyte leaking between insulating seal boss 725 and metal cover sleeve 733. As described with respect to the previous embodiment (FIGS. 18-18C) an asphalt sealant such as KORITE asphalt or equivalent may be applied to the outside surface of boss 725 before sleeve 733 extending from metal cover 730 is forced over boss 725. This further enhances the seal between the insulating seal boss 725 and metal cover sleeve 733. The embodiment shown in FIGS. 19A-19B is preferably also provided with a metal support member 770 (negative support tab) which is placed onto paper washer 780. Support member 770 is of a conductive metal having good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance such as nickel plated cold rolled steel or stainless steel, preferably, nickel plated low carbon steel. The central portion 772 of metal support 770 is recessed so that it fits into aperture 782 within paper washer 780. The end cap assembly 12 b construction utilizing a riveted anode current collector 760 together with metal support member 770 allows for vertical compression of insulating sealing boss 725. Specifically, boss 725 is in vertical compression between flange 765 and metal support member 770 after nail 760 is inserted through aperture 724 and riveted to a set height at the top of insulating boss 725. The insulating boss side wall 725a is also in radial compression as above described because of the interference fit between insulating boss 725 and metal cover sleeve 733 and also because of the force fit between the anode current collector 760 and the inside surface of boss 725. The riveting also swells the anode current collector 760 for additional radial compression. Thus, the end cap assembly 12 b design shown in FIGS. 19A-19B provides for an extremely tight seal between the surface of insulating seal boss 725 and metal cover 730. This in turn means that the length of boss 725 may be shortened somewhat to provide the desired high degree of electrolyte leak block protection at interface between boss side wall 725a and metal cover sleeve 733. Such design embodiment (FIG. 19A) has the additional advantage in that it avoids the need to weld the anode current collector directly to end cap 790.

[0182] In assembly of the embodiment shown in FIG. 19A, metal cover 730 may be first locked onto insulating seal 720 by pushing metal cover sleeve 733 onto insulating boss 725 thereby developing an interference fit therebetween. The metal support member 770 is applied onto a recessed region within paper washer 790. The paper washer 780 with metal support member 770 thereon is adhesively applied to the top surface metal cover 730 so that the bottom surface of washer 780 adheres to the metal cover 730. The top portion of the anode current collector nail 760 between nail head 762 and flange 765 may be precoated with asphalt sealant or equivalent. Nail head 762 is pushed up from the underside of insulating seal 720 through aperture 724 within insulating seal boss 725. The interference fit between metal sleeve 733 insulating boss 725 together with the interference fit between current collector nail 760 and insulating boss 725 forces the insulating boss side wall 725 a into radial compression. That is, the cell embodiment shown in FIG. 19A, boss side wall 725 a is compressed in a direction perpendicular to central longitudinal axis 190. The flange 765 below the top of the current collector nail comes to rest against the bottom surface of insulating seal 720. Head 762 of the anode current collector 760 protrudes from central aperture 772 within metal support member 770. The current collector nail 760 is then riveted to a set height by flattening and thereby expanding current collector head 762 against the metal support 770 and insulating seal 720. This process applies vertical compressive forces (in the direction parallel to central longitudinal axis 190) to boss 725 which in turn is held squeezed between current collector flattened head 762 and flange 765. (Thus, in the cell embodiment shown in FIG. 19A, insulating boss side wall 725 a is in both radial and vertically compression.) End cap 790 may then be placed over metal support 790 and welded thereto thus forming the completed end cap assembly 12 b. The end cap assembly 12 b may then be inserted into the open end 102 of casing 100 so that current collector nail 760 penetrates into anode 150. The peripheral edge of metal cover 730 is then welded preferably by laser to the inside surface of casing 100 thereby closing the open end 102 of the casing.

[0183] An additional embodiment of the end cap assembly is shown as assembly 12 c in FIGS. 20A and 20B. This latter embodiment has all of the features of the previous embodiment (FIGS. 19A-19B) except that the metal support member 770 (negative support tab) has been eliminated. As a result the top end 762 of anode current collector 760 is welded directly to the end cap 790. Thus in the design embodiment shown in FIGS. 20A-20B there is no vertical compression of insulating seal boss 725, since there is no metal support member 770. However, the end 762 of nail 760 is still riveted to a set height thereby swelling it out to achieve additional radial compression of boss side wall 725 a. However, the inside diameter of sleeve 733 extending downwardly from metal cover 730 is equal to or smaller than the outside diameter of boss 725 extending from insulating seal 730. Also the inside diameter of aperture 724 within insulating seal boss 725 is equal to or smaller than the outside diameter of current collector nail 760. As a result the insulating boss side walls 725 a are forced into radial compression as above described because of the interference fit between insulating boss 725 and metal cover sleeve 733 and also because of the interference fit between the anode current collector 760 and the inside surface of boss 725. That is, in the cell embodiment shown in FIG. 20A insulating boss side wall 725 a is compressed radially in a direction perpendicular to central longitudinal axis 190. Thus as in the previous embodiments (FIGS. 18A-19B) a tight seal is developed between anode nail 760 and insulating seal 720 and also between insulating seal 720 and metal cover 730 within end cap assembly 12 a, thereby preventing leakage of electrolyte from the cell.

[0184] Radial Compression Versus Length of Sealing Boss Side Wall

[0185] With reference to the three cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A-18C, FIGS. 19A-19B, and FIGS. 20A-20B, respectively, it will be appreciated that a variety of plastic materials may be employed for insulating seal 720 and integral boss 725. The plastic material should be durable, compressible, and resistant to attack by alkaline solution. Although it is not intended to limit the plastic to any one material, preferred plastics for insulating seal 720 and integral boss 725 are polypropylene and nylon, particularly, nylon 66 or nylon 612. The more preferred plastic for insulating seal 720 and integral boss 725 is Nylon 66.

[0186] It has been determined that with respect to above three embodiments (FIGS. 18A-20B) there are desirable ranges in the amount of radial compression of insulating boss side wall 725 a needed in order to provide a good seal between the boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733 as well as between boss side wall 725 a and anode current collector 760. In general the percentage of radial compression of insulating boss side wall 725 a is at least 0.1% and desirably between about 5% and 40%. This takes into account a broad range of suitable plastic materials including the above mentioned polypropylene and nylon and is not intended to be limited to any one cell size. This range is also irrespective of whether sealant material, for example asphalt sealant, is additionally applied between the boss side walls 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733. For the broad range of boss side wall 725 a compression between about 5% and 40%, the interfacial length between boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733 is desirably between about 0.4 and 6 mm, typically between about 1 and 3 mm, respectively. (It will be understood that the length of boss side wall 725 a as used herein, unless otherwise specified, is also intended to mean the interfacial length between insulating boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733.) FIGS. 18D and 18E show an enlarged portion of FIG. 18A, namely, side wall 725 a of insulating boss 725 abutting against metal cover sleeve 733. FIG. 18D shows the thickness of boss side wall 725 a in its original state, that is, before it is force fitted within metal sleeve 733. As boss side wall 725 a is force fitted into aperture 734 within metal sleeve 733, followed by insertion of nail 760 against the inside surface of boss side wall 725 a, there are a set of forces F1 and F2 (FIG. 18E) which cause the boss side wall 725 a to compress radially. That is, if the original thickness of boss sidewall 725 a is R_(i) (before its insertion into sleeve 733) and its final thickness is R_(f), the percentage compression ΔR % of the boss side wall 725 a is:

ΔR%=[R _(i) −R _(f) ]/R _(i)×100  (Eq. 1)

[0187] It will be recognized that the interfacial length, L, between insulating boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733 as shown, for example in FIG. 18E, may be considered a primary electrolyte leak block path. That is, if such path is not properly sealed, electrolyte from within the cell will likely creep from the cell interior along such path. (A secondary and analogous block path may be considered to be between the anode current collector nail 760 and insulating boss side wall 725 a.) If the percentage radial compression of insulating boss side wall 725 a is termed, ΔR %, and the interfacial length between boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733 is termed, L, as defined above, then there are broad as well as optimal design relationships between ΔR % and L. An overall objective is to provide a highly effective primary seal, namely, between insulating boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733 (FIGS. 18A-20B), but yet keep the interfacial length, L, as small as possible, since as L increases the available room in the cell for anode and cathode material decreases. It has been determined that as the radial compression, ΔR %, of insulating boss side wall 725 a is increased, the interfacial length, L, may be decreased somewhat without sacrificing the degree of seal between the boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733.

[0188] It has been determined that a good guide for achieving a satisfactory seal, is that the mathematical product of ΔR % and L (mm) desirably be in a range between about 0.04 and 240. This range is determined on the basis of multiplying the minimum suitable percentage radial compression ΔR %=0.1% which can be used with the minimum suitable interfacial length, L, namely, 0.4 mm, to arrive at the minimum product value 0.04. The upper end of the range was determined by multiplying the maximum allowable percentage radial compression ΔR %=40% which can be used with the maximum suitable interfacial length, L, namely, 6 mm to arrive at the maximum product value 240. This was determined irrespective of whether sealant, such as asphalt is used between boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733. However, it will be appreciated that the additional use of such sealant also improves the seal.

[0189] By way of a non limiting specific example, for the 7/5 F6 size flat cell utilizing the embodiments of the invention shown, for example, in FIGS. 18A-20B, a good seal is achieved when the radial compression, ΔR %, of insulating boss side wall 725 a is between about 15% and 35%, and the interfacial length, L, between boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733 is between about 1.08 mm and 2.66 mm. A preferred seal for the 7/5 F6 size flat cell is achieved when the radial compression, ΔR %, of insulating boss side wall 725 a is about 35% and the interfacial length, L, between boss side wall 725 a and metal cover sleeve 733 is about 2.66 mm. Thus for the 7/5 F6 size flat cell, by way of non limiting example, the product of ΔR % and L (mm) is most desirably in a range between about 16.2 and 93.1.

[0190] It will be appreciated that the venting system for the cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A-20B may be the same as that described with reference to the embodiments shown and described with reference to FIGS. 10-17.

[0191] Thus, as shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 10-17 it has been determined that one or more groove vents, preferably a single groove vent 600 a or 600 b can be used as the primary venting mechanism. Such groove vents 600 a or 600 b are also suitable for the additional three cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A. In such case as earlier described the single groove vent such as 600 a or 600 b (FIGS. 8 and 8A) can be cut or scored into the casing surface so that the underlying thinned region ruptures at pressure P1. The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A. Preferably, the single groove vent 600 b is located in proximity to the closed end of the casing in proximity to positive terminal 180 as shown in FIG. 10A. The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A, which may have a like single groove vent similarly positioned. The groove boundary may be closed or open. In a preferred embodiment herein the groove can be a straight or substantially straight, preferably parallel to a wide edge 108 a of the casing (FIG. 8-8A). For example, in a 7/5-F6 size rectangular cell, there may be a groove vent 600 b located on the casing wide face 106 a (FIG. 10A). The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A as the same groove vent such as groove vent 600 b may be similarly located on casing 100 with respect to these additional embodiments. In a preferred embodiment groove vent 600 b comprises the only groove vent on the casing surface. By way of nonlimiting example, groove 600 b may be a straight groove parallel to the closed end of the cell (FIG. 10A). Preferably the ends of straight groove 600 b may be equidistant from the narrow sides of the casing. The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A. In such preferred embodiment groove 600 b may be about 8 mm in length and about 5 to 10 mm from the closed end 104 of the casing as shown in FIG. 10A. The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A. Although the straight groove 600 b is desirable, it is not intended to limit such groove to such configuration. It will be appreciated that the groove vent 600 b may have other configurations, such as curvilinear shape or partially straight and partially curvilinear and may form an open or closed boundary pattern.

[0192] The thinned material underlying groove 600 b (FIG. 10A) can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure of between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A. To achieve such range in burst pressure between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), the thinned material underlying groove 600 b has a thickness between about 0.04 and 0.15 mm. Alternatively, the thinned material underlying groove 600 b can be designed to rupture when gas pressure within the cell reaches a design burst pressure of between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). To achieve such burst pressure between 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage) the thinned material underlying the groove 600 b has a thickness between about 0.07 and 0.15 mm. The width of groove 600 b (FIG. 10A) at its base (adjacent thinned area 610) may typically be between about 0.1 and 1 mm, more typically between about 0.1 and 0.5 mm. The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A. Within such range the rupture pressure is controlled primarily by the thickness of the underlying thinned region. However, it will be appreciated that wider grooved or cut areas with underlying thinned regions on casing 100 are also possible.

[0193] Thus, as described with respect to the cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 10 and 13, the single groove 600 b functions as the cell's primary venting mechanism wherein the thinned material 610 (FIGS. 9 and 15) underlying groove 600 b is designed to rupture if gas within the cell rises to a level between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage), more typically between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage). The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A which may preferably have a single groove vent placed and located on the casing side as shown in FIG. 17. And the strong laser weld 310 b securing the edges of metal cover 230 to casing 100 (FIG. 10) is designed to function as the cell's supplemental venting system. Such strong laser weld 310 b is designed to crack or rupture in the event of a catastrophic situation when gas pressure within the cell rises abruptly to levels between about 800 psig and 2500 psig. The rupture of laser weld 310 b under such catastrophic situations will allow gas to escape therethrough quickly reducing gas pressure within the cell to nominal levels. The same is applicable to the additional cell embodiments shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A as the edge 732 of metal cover 730 shown in FIGS. 18A, 19A, and 20A may be welded with the same strong laser weld shown and described with respect to metal cover 230 (FIG. 10).

Separator Fabrication

[0194] In the cell embodiment shown in FIGS. 10-13 the separator. 140 can be conveniently formed from separator material conventionally employed in alkaline cells. For example, typically of cellulose or cellulosic and polyvinylalcohol fibers. Cell 10 (FIGS. 10-13) may typically be of cuboid configuration having an overall thickness of about 6 mm, a width of about 17 mm and a length of between about 35 and 67 mm. A desirable separator ay be composed of a dual layer, the outer layer (facing cathode 110) comprising cellulosic and polyvinylalcohol fibers and the inner layer facing anode 150 comprising a cellulosic material, such as rayon. After the cathode disks 110 are inserted into the casing through open end 102 (FIG. 11) separator 140 is inserted so that the separator faces the exposed cathode surface.

[0195] Separator 140 for use in the above described flat cell (FIGS. 10-13) is conveniently made by rolling a flat separator sheet as shown in FIGS. 14-14B. The near edge 140 a is first folded inwardly in the direction F1 along a bend line 140 b which is displaced about 3 to 5 mm from edge 140 a. A mandrel (not shown) can be placed against the separator surface 140 d. Then separator far edge 140 c can be wrapped around the mandrel so that edge 140 c passes around edge 140 a resulting in the partially wrapped configuration shown in FIG. 14A. Far edge 140 c is continually wrapped over the separator surface in the direction F2 (FIG. 14A). Edge 140 c can be adhesively secured to the separator surface. The bottom separator edge 142 may then be folded inwardly about 3 mm over the back surface of the separator as shown in FIG. 14B and adhesively secured thereto. The use of adhesive to secure edge 140 c and/or bottom separator edge 142 can be eliminated by simply folding bottom separator edge 140 c in the direction F3 and then pressing it to form the bag configuration shown in FIG. 14B. When the folded separator is inserted into the casing, the cathode shape also helps maintain the separator in the bag configuration shown in FIG. 14B. The mandrel (not shown) is removed. The resulting wrapped separator 140 (FIG. 14B) is in the shape of a bag having a closed boundary surface 148 with an open end 144 and opposing closed end 143. The separator boundary surface 148 defines a cavity 155 for insertion of anode material 150 therein.

[0196] After the cathode disks 110 a are inserted into the cell casing 100, the wrapped separator 140 in the configuration shown in FIG. 14B is inserted so that the separator surface faces the exposed cathode surface. The separator boundary surface 148 forms the anode cavity 155. The anode cavity 155 preferably has an oblong configuration as shown in FIG. 14B. The short dimension of the oblong configuration of cavity 155 may typically be between about 2 and 3 mm for a cell 10 of cuboid configuration and overall thickness of about 6 mm. preferably, the long dimension of the oblong configuration is somewhat less than the width of the available space within the cell for the total anode cavity 155. This results in a gap 145 between one short side of the separator and cathode disks 110 a as shown in FIG. 16. Gap 145 is between about 2 and 4 mm, preferably between about 2 and 3 mm. Anode material 150 can then be filled into the anode cavity 155 through the separator open end 143 resulting in a casing 100 filled with anode material 150, cathode material 110, and separator 140 therebetween, wherein there is a gap 145 (void space) between one short side of the separator and the cathode as shown in FIG. 16.

[0197] It has been determined that if desired, additional alkaline electrolyte solution can now be added to the cell interior by dispensing it directly into gap 145. The additional electrolyte may be dispensed into gap 145 by inserting a dispensing nozzle directly into said gap. In a preferred embodiment a small quantity of additional electrolyte solution may be added into gap 145 after the anode 150 and cathode 110 are in place in the cell. In an alterative embodiment a portion of the additional electrolyte may be added to gap 145 after the cathode is in place but before anode material is inserted into the anode cavity. Then anode material can be inserted into the cell's anode cavity and thereafter a final quantity of electrolyte may be added into gap 145. In either case the additional electrolyte helps to improve anode utilization (percent anode actives discharged) and overall cell performance. It can also be a factor tending to retard cell swelling.

[0198] The addition of electrolyte solution to the gap 145 between separator 140 and cathode 110 as above described avoids overflow problems which can occur if electrolyte is added directly to the anode. For example, if there is initially no gap between separator 140 and cathode 110 and additional electrolyte is added to the cell interior there may be an overflow of electrolyte into void space 146 (FIG. 11) above anode 150. Such overflow is undesirable, since it could cause wetting along the underside or edge of metal cover 230 after the metal cover 230 is placed in position covering the cell's open end 102. Such wetting in turn would adversely affect proper laser welding of the metal cover 230 to casing 100.

[0199] If additional electrolyte is added to gap 145, it is recommended that it be done in incremental steps. For example, if the additional electrolyte is added to gap 145 after the anode 150, cathode 110 and separator 140 is inserted into the casing, it is recommended that such additional electrolyte be added incrementally in a plurality of dispensing steps allowing for a time lapse, typically of between about 1 and 4 minutes between dispenses. This will allow time for each incremental amount of electrolyte to be absorbed into the anode, separator and cathode reducing the chance of any overflow occurring, which could interfere with proper laser welding of metal cover 230. If the cell is a rectangular 7/5-F6 size cell, typically the amount of additional electrolyte solution to be added to gap 145 will be under about 1 gram. Preferably, in such case the electrolyte can be added in about four incremental equal dispenses with a time interval of between about 1 to 4 minutes between dispenses to allow sufficient time for the incremental amounts of electrolyte to be properly absorbed into the anode, cathode and separator. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that when the total of said additional electrolyte is dispensed into gap 145, the anode 150 swells sufficiently to expand the anode cavity 155 bounded by separator surface 148. As anode 150 swells the separator surface 148 is pushed flush against both anode and cathode, thereby completely closing gap 145.

[0200] A performance test of cell 10 made in accordance with the embodiment shown and described with reference to FIGS. 10-16 was made and is reported in the following Test Cell Example 4.

TEST CELL EXAMPLE 4

[0201] A test cell 10 of rectangular configuration in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10-13 and of same size as in the comparative example was prepared. The amount of zinc in the anode was 2.01 g and the amount of MnO2 was 6.69. The anode 150 and cathode 110 had the following composition.

[0202] Anode Composition: Wt. % Zinc¹ 60.0 Surfactant² 0.075 (RM 510) Electrolyte³ 39.9 (9 Normal KOH) 100.0

[0203] Cathode Composition: Wt. % MnO₂ (EMD) 84.0 (Trona D from Kerr McGee) Graphite¹ 10.0 (NdG15 natural graphite) Electrolyte 6.0 (9 Normal KOH) 100.0

[0204] After the anode and cathode were in place in the cell casing an additional total 0.82 g of 9N KOH electrolyte was added in four dispense increments (0.205 g per increment) to the gap 145 between the separator 140 and the cathode (FIG. 16). The time interval between dispense increments was between about 1 and 4 minutes. The addition of the total of 0.82 g electrolyte does not significantly change the above anode and cathode compositions. A portion of the total added electrolyte becomes absorbed into the anode, another portion becomes absorbed into the cathode and a portion becomes absorbed into the separator. The electrolyte added to gap 145 causes the anode to swell and thereby close gap 145. This technique allows additional electrolyte to be added to the anode without causing any overflow of electrolyte into the void space 146 above the anode. Such overflow of electrolyte would be undesirable, since it could cause wetting of the edges of metal cover 230 which in turn may interfere with proper welding of cover 230 to the cell casing.

[0205] The casing 100 wall thickness for the test cell was 0.38 mm. The fresh cell 10 had a length of 67 mm, thickness of 5.6 mm and a width of 17 mm. The cell's anode 150 and cathode 110 was balanced so that the theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ (based on 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂) divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc (based on 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc) was 1.5. The anode had 2.01 grams of zinc. (The cathode had 6.69 grams MnO₂.) The anode, cathode and separator comprised about 66 percent of the external volume of casing 100. The ratio of anode thickness to the casing outside thickness was about 0.35.

[0206] The thicknesses are measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 190, across the outside thickness (small dimension) of the cell.

[0207] The cell was discharged intermittently at cycles of 90 milliwatts with “power on” followed by three hours “power off”, until a cutoff voltage of 0.9 Volts was reached. The actual service life was 20.1 hours. The casing had swelled from a thickness of 5.6 mm to a thickness of 5.99 mm. (Thickness measured between outside surface of large side walls 106 a and 106 b shown in FIG. 1A or FIG. 12).

[0208] In the Comparative Test swelling of the flat test cell increased significantly from an overall thickness of 5.6 mm to 6.13 mm when the cell's balance ratio (theoretical capacity of MnO₂ to theoretical capacity of zinc) is about 1.1. In the above Test Example 4 (balance ratio of 1.5) the cell swells less, namely from 5.6 mm to 6.03 mm. In this Test Example 4 (balance ratio of 1.5) the cell swells from 5.6 mm to 5.99 mm.

[0209] Although the preferred embodiments of the invention have been described with respect to a flat alkaline battery having the overall shape of a cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped), it will be appreciated that variations of such overall shape are possible and are intended to fall within the concept of the invention. In the case of a flat battery, for example, in the shape of a cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped), the terminal ends of the housing could be slightly outwardly or inwardly tapered, yet maintaining their rectangular configuration. The overall appearance of such varied shape is still essentially that of a cuboid and is intended to fall within the meaning of cuboid or legal equivalent thereof. Other variation to the overall shape such as altering slightly the angle that the ends of the battery make with any one of the sides of housing, so that the parallelepiped deviates slightly from strict rectangular, is also intended to fall within the meaning of cuboid (rectangular parallelepiped) as used herein and in the claims.

[0210] The present invention is intended to extend desirably to an overall battery shape that is flat in that a side of the outer casing along the length of the casing is substantially flat. Thus, it shall be understood also that the term “flat” is intended to extend to and include surfaces that are substantially flat in that the degree of curvature of such surface may be slight. In particular the concept of the present invention is intended to extend to flat batteries wherein a side of the battery casing surface along the length of the casing has a flat polygonal surface. The battery may thus have the overall shape of a polyhedron with all sides of the outer casing being polygonal. The invention is also intended to extend to batteries wherein a side of the battery casing along its length has a flat surface, which is a parallelogram and wherein the overall shape of the battery is prismatic. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pressure vessel comprising an outer housing; said housing having a closed end and opposing open end; said vessel further comprising an end cap assembly sealing the open end of said housing, said outer housing and said end cap assembly forming a pressure boundary surface around the vessel interior; wherein said end cap assembly has an aperture therein and a sealing member for sealing said aperture, wherein at least a portion of said sealing member is in a compressed state within said aperture; wherein said vessel comprises a vent mechanism located on said pressure boundary surface, wherein said vent mechanism activates to release gas pressure from within the vessel, said vent mechanism comprising a first rupture zone forming a groove on said boundary surface, said groove defining a material region thinner than the average thickness of said boundary; and a second rupture zone on said boundary surface, wherein said first rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a first pressure level and said second rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a second pressure level higher than said first pressure level.
 2. The vessel of claim 1 wherein the cell's length between said closed end and open end defines the direction of the cell's central longitudinal axis, and wherein said sealing member comprises a plastic material being compressed at least in a direction about perpendicular to said central longitudinal axis.
 3. The vessel of claim 1 wherein said first and second rupture zones are spaced apart on said boundary surface.
 4. The vessel of claim 1 wherein said first rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the vessel rises to a pressure between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage).
 5. The vessel of claim 1 wherein said first rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the vessel rises to a pressure between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage).
 6. The vessel of claim 1 wherein said second rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the vessel reaches a pressure between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage).
 7. The vessel of claim 1 wherein the second rupture zone comprises a laser weld within a portion of said boundary surface.
 8. The vessel of claim 1 wherein said groove is formed by stamping said boundary surface.
 9. The vessel of claim 7 wherein said laser weld is formed between said housing and a metal member fitted within the open end of said housing thereby closing said open end.
 10. The vessel of claim 7 wherein said laser weld is formed between the inside surface of said housing and the edge of a metal member fitted within the open end of said housing thereby closing said open end.
 11. The vessel of claim 7 wherein said laser weld is made by a Nd:Yag laser and said laser weld ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a level of between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage).
 12. The vessel of claim 9 wherein said vessel has a cuboid shape and said metal member is a rectangular metal plate.
 13. The vessel of claim 9 wherein said aperture is within said metal member and said compressed sealing member is within said aperture.
 14. The vessel of claim 13 wherein said metal member comprises a plate having an integrally formed sleeve extending therefrom, wherein said sleeve surrounds a portion of said sealing member and holds said portion of said sealing member in a compressed state.
 15. The vessel of claim 14 wherein said sealing member comprises plastic material and said sealing member is compressed in a direction perpendicular to the cell's central longitudinal axis.
 16. The vessel of claim 14 further comprising an elongated metal member inserted into said aperture so that a portion of said seal member is sandwiched between said elongated metal member and said metal sleeve so that said portion of said seal member is held in compressed state therebetween.
 17. The vessel of claim 15 wherein said sealing member is also compressed in a direction parallel to the cell's central longitudinal axis.
 18. A primary alkaline cell comprising a negative and a positive terminal, an anode and a cathode, and an outer housing comprising at least one side being at least substantially flat, said housing having a closed end and opposing open end, said cell further comprising an end cap assembly sealing the open end of said housing; wherein said outer housing and said end cap assembly forms a pressure boundary surface around the cell interior; wherein said end cap assembly has an aperture therein and an insulating seal member for sealing said aperture, wherein at least a portion of said sealing member is in a compressed state within said aperture.
 19. The alkaline cell of claim 18 wherein the cell's length is between said closed end and open end defining the direction of the cell's central longitudinal axis, and wherein said sealing member comprises a plastic material being compressed in a direction about perpendicular to said central longitudinal axis.
 20. The alkaline cell of claim 19 wherein the cell further comprises an anode comprising zinc and a cathode comprising at least one of MnO₂ and nickel oxyhydroxide within said housing, and a separator between said anode and cathode; wherein said cell comprises a vent mechanism located on said boundary surface, wherein said vent mechanism activates to release gas pressure from within the cell as said gas pressure rises, said vent mechanism comprising a first rupture zone comprising a groove on said boundary surface, said groove defining an underlying material region thinner than the average thickness of said boundary; and a second rupture zone on said boundary surface, wherein the first zone ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a first pressure level and said second zone ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a second pressure level being higher than said first pressure level allowing gas from within the cell to escape from the cell interior through said ruptures.
 21. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein the cathode comprises a plurality of rectangular shaped cathode slabs; wherein each of said slabs has a central opening devoid of cathode material; wherein said cathode slabs are stacked within the housing so that said openings devoid of cathode material form a core, with the outer surface of said cathode contacting the inside surface of said housing.
 22. The alkaline cell of claim 18 wherein said outer housing is of cuboid shape.
 23. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein said first and second rupture zones are spaced apart on said boundary surface.
 24. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein said first rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the vessel rises to a pressure between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage).
 25. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein said first rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the vessel rises to a pressure between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage).
 26. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein said second rupture zone ruptures when gas pressure within the vessel reaches a pressure between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage).
 27. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein the second rupture zone comprises a laser weld within a portion of said boundary surface.
 28. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein said groove is formed by stamping said boundary surface.
 29. The alkaline cell of claim 27 wherein said end cap assembly comprises a metal cover and said laser weld is formed between said housing and a said metal cover fitted within the open end of said housing thereby closing said open end.
 30. The alkaline cell of claim 27 wherein said end cap assembly comprises a metal cover and said laser weld is formed between the inside surface of said housing and the edge of a metal cover fitted within the open end of said housing thereby closing said open end.
 31. The alkaline cell of claim 27 wherein said laser weld is formed by a Nd:Yag laser and said laser weld ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a level of between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage).
 32. The alkaline cell of claim 29 wherein said metal cover comprises a metal plate having an aperture therethrough.
 33. The alkaline cell of claim 29 wherein said metal cover comprises a rectangular plate having an aperture therethrough.
 34. The alkaline cell of claim 32 wherein said aperture is within said metal cover and said compressed insulating seal member is within said aperture.
 35. The alkaline cell of claim 34 wherein said metal cover comprises a plate having an integrally formed sleeve extending therefrom, wherein said sleeve surrounds a portion of said insulating seal member and holds said portion of said seal member in a compressed state.
 36. The alkaline cell of claim 34 wherein said sealing member comprises plastic material and said sealing member is compressed in a direction perpendicular to the cell's central longitudinal axis.
 37. The alkaline cell of claim 32 wherein said end cap assembly comprises said metal cover, a terminal end plate, an insulating seal member, and an elongated electrically conductive member having a portion thereof passing through both said insulating seal member and said metal cover, wherein said elongated conductive member has a head electrically connected to said terminal end plate.
 38. The alkaline cell of claim 37 wherein said electrically conductive member is electrically connected to said anode.
 39. The alkaline cell of claims 38 wherein a portion of said elongated conductive member penetrates into said anode and functions as an anode current collector.
 40. The alkaline cell of claim 37 wherein said metal cover comprises a plate having an integrally formed sleeve extending therefrom, wherein said sleeve surrounds a portion of said insulating seal member and holds said portion of said insulating seal member in a compressed state.
 41. The alkaline cell of claim 40 wherein said insulating seal member comprises an integrally formed central boss having a side wall defining a cavity therein, said boss being held within said metal cover sleeve in interference fit therewith.
 42. The alkaline cell of claim 41 wherein a portion of said elongated conductive member is held within said insulating boss cavity in interference fit therewith, so that at least a portion of said boss side wall is held compressed between said metal cover sleeve and said elongated conductive member.
 43. The alkaline cell of claim 42 wherein with the percentage compression of the insulating seal boss side wall thickness defined as ΔR % and the length of the interface between said metal cover sleeve and said insulating boss side wall as L (mm), then the product of ΔR % multiplied by L is between about 0.04 and
 240. 44. The alkaline cell of claim 42 wherein said insulating seal member is also compressed in a direction parallel to the cell's central longitudinal axis.
 45. The alkaline cell of claim 44 wherein at least a portion of said insulating seal member is held compressed between the head of said elongated conductive member and an integrally formed flange protruding from said elongated conductive member and abutting a surface of said insulating seal member.
 46. The alkaline cell of claim 38 wherein said end cap assembly further comprises an electrically insulating member between said terminal end plate and said metal cover thereby insulating said terminal end plate from said metal cover.
 47. The alkaline cell of claim 46 wherein said electrically insulating member between said terminal end plate and said metal cover comprises a plastic material.
 48. The alkaline cell of claim 46 wherein said electrically insulating member between said terminal end plate and said metal cover comprises paper material.
 49. The alkaline cell of claim 46 wherein said terminal end plate has a central area of smaller thickness than the average thickness of said end plate, wherein said elongated conductive member is welded by electrical resistance welding to said terminal end plate at said central area.
 50. The alkaline cell of claim 42 wherein sealant material comprising asphalt is applied between at least a portion of the surface of said elongated conductive member and said insulating boss to prevent leakage of alkaline electrolyte therethrough.
 51. The alkaline cell of claim 42 wherein sealant material comprising asphalt is applied between at least a portion of the surface of said insulating boss and said metal cover sleeve to prevent leakage of alkaline electrolyte therethrough.
 52. The alkaline cell of claim 21 wherein at least a portion of said central opening within said cathode slabs forms a cavity for housing said anode.
 53. The alkaline cell of claim 52 wherein said cavity has an oblong configuration.
 54. The alkaline cell of claim 20 wherein the cell comprises alkaline electrolyte comprising an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide.
 55. The alkaline cell of claim 54 wherein the cell is balanced so that the cathode is in excess such that the ratio of theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ based on a theoretical specific value of 370 mamp-hr per gram MnO₂, divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc based on a theoretical specific value of 820 mAmp-hr per gram zinc, is between about 1.2 and 2.0.
 56. The alkaline cell of claim 54 wherein the cell is balanced so that the cathode is in excess such that the ratio of theoretical capacity of the MnO₂ based on a theoretical specific value of 370 mAmp-hr per gram MnO₂, divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc based on a theoretical specific value of 820 mamp-hr per gram zinc, is between about 1.4 and 1.8.
 57. The alkaline cell of claim 18 wherein said cell has an overall thickness of between about 5 and 10 mm, wherein said overall thickness is defined as the distance between the outside surface of opposing sides of said housing defining the short dimension of said housing.
 58. The alkaline cell of claim 18 wherein the housing comprises metal having a wall thickness of between about 0.30 mm and 0.50 mm.
 59. The alkaline cell of claim 18 wherein the housing comprises metal having a wall thickness of between about 0.30 mm and 0.40 mm.
 60. The alkaline cell of claim 18 wherein said housing comprises steel.
 61. A primary alkaline cell comprising a negative and a positive terminal, and an outer housing, said housing having a closed end and opposing open end, said cell further comprising an anode and a cathode within said housing, a separator between said anode and cathode, and an end cap assembly sealing the open end of said housing thereby forming a boundary surface around the cell interior; wherein said end cap assembly comprises a metal cover at the open end of said housing and a weld formed between said housing and said metal cover to close said open end; wherein said end cap assembly has an aperture therein and an insulating seal member for sealing said aperture, wherein at least a portion of said sealing member is in a compressed state within said aperture.
 62. The alkaline cell of claim 61 wherein the anode comprises zinc and the cathode comprises manganese dioxide and said cathode comprises a plurality of rectangular shaped cathode slabs; wherein each of said slabs has a central opening devoid of cathode material; wherein said cathode slabs are stacked within the housing along the cell's central longitudinal axis so that said openings devoid of cathode material form a central core along said longitudinal axis, with the outer surface of said cathode contacting the inside surface of said housing.
 63. The alkaline cell of claim 61 wherein the cell's length is between said closed end and open end defining the direction of the cell's central longitudinal axis, and wherein said sealing member comprises a plastic material being compressed in a direction about perpendicular to said central longitudinal axis.
 64. The alkaline cell of claim 61 wherein said cell comprises a vent mechanism located on said boundary surface, wherein said vent mechanism activates to release gas pressure from within the cell as said gas pressure rises, said vent mechanism comprising a first rupture zone comprising a groove on said boundary surface, said groove defining an underlying material region thinner than the average thickness of said boundary; and a second rupture zone on said boundary surface, wherein the first zone ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a first pressure level and said second zone ruptures when gas pressure within the cell rises to a second pressure level being higher than said first pressure level allowing gas from within the cell to escape from the cell interior through said ruptures.
 65. The cell of claim 64 wherein said first and second rupture zones are spaced apart on said boundary surface.
 66. The cell of claim 64 wherein the second rupture zone comprises a laser weld within a portion of said boundary surface.
 67. The cell of claim 64 wherein said groove is formed by stamping said boundary surface.
 68. The cell of claim 64 wherein the first zone on said boundary surface ruptures when gas pressure within the cell interior reaches a pressure level between about 250 and 800 psig (1724×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage) and said second zone on said boundary surface ruptures when gas pressure within the cell interior reaches a pressure level between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 17235×10³ pascal gage).
 69. The cell of claim 64 wherein the first zone on said boundary surface ruptures when gas pressure within the cell interior reaches a pressure level between about 400 and 800 psig (2758×10³ and 5515×10³ pascal gage) and said second zone on said boundary surface ruptures when gas pressure within the cell interior reaches a pressure level between about 800 and 2500 psig (5515×10³ and 1724×10³ pascal gage).
 70. The cell of claim 64 wherein the first rupture zone is formed by a groove on the outside surface of said housing and the second rupture zone is formed by a laser weld between the edge of said metal cover and the inside surface of said housing thereby fixing said metal cover along a portion of its edge to the inside surface of said outer housing in proximity to the open end of said housing.
 71. The cell of claim 70 wherein said end cap assembly comprises said metal cover, a terminal end plate, an insulating seal member, and an elongated electrically conductive member having a portion thereof passing through both said insulating seal member and said metal cover, wherein said elongated conductive member has a head electrically connected to said terminal end plate.
 72. The alkaline cell of claim 71 wherein said metal cover comprises a plate having an integrally formed sleeve extending therefrom, wherein said sleeve surrounds a portion of said insulating seal member and holds said portion of said insulating seal member in a compressed state.
 73. The alkaline cell of claim 72 wherein said insulating seal member comprises an integrally formed central boss having a side wall defining a cavity therein, said boss side wall being held within said metal cover sleeve in interference fit therewith.
 74. The alkaline cell of claim 73 wherein a portion of said elongated conductive member is held within said insulating boss cavity in interference fit therewith, so that at least a portion of said boss side wall is held compressed between said metal cover sleeve and said elongated conductive member.
 75. The alkaline cell of claim 74 wherein with the percentage compression of the insulating seal boss side wall thickness defined as ΔR % and the length of the interface between said metal cover sleeve and said insulating boss side wall as L (mm), then the product of ΔR % multiplied by L is between about 0.04 and
 240. 76. The alkaline cell of claim 74 wherein said insulating seal member is also compressed in a direction parallel to the cell's central longitudinal axis.
 77. The alkaline cell of claim 76 wherein at least a portion of said insulating seal member is held compressed between the head of said elongated conductive member and a integrally formed flange protruding from said elongated conductive member and abutting a surface of said insulating seal member.
 78. The cell of claim 64 wherein said groove runs parallel to the closed end of the cell.
 79. The alkaline cell of claim 61 wherein the housing comprises metal having a wall thickness of between about 0.30 mm and 0.50 mm.
 80. The alkaline cell of claim 61 wherein said cell has an overall thickness of between about 5 and 10 mm, wherein said overall thickness is defined as the distance between the outside surface of opposing sides of said housing defining the short dimension of said housing.
 81. The alkaline cell of claim 61 wherein said housing has at least one side being at least substantially flat.
 82. The alkaline cell of claim 61 wherein said housing has a cuboid shape.
 83. A primary alkaline cell comprising a negative and a positive terminal, an anode and a cathode, and an outer housing, said housing having a closed end and opposing open end, said cell further comprising an end cap assembly sealing the open end of said housing; wherein said outer housing and said end cap assembly forms a pressure boundary surface around the cell interior; wherein said end cap assembly has an aperture therein and said end cap assembly further has an insulating seal member for sealing said aperture; wherein at least a portion of said insulating seal member is in a compressed state within said aperture; wherein said end cap assembly comprises a metal plate having an integral metal sleeve extending therefrom; wherein a portion of said insulating seal member forms a compressed insulating wall within said sleeve; wherein an interface is formed between said sleeve and said compressed insulating wall; and wherein the percentage compression of the insulating wall thickness is defined as ΔR % and the length of the interface between said sleeve and said insulating wall is defined as L(mm), then the product of ΔR % multiplied by L is between about 0.04 and
 240. 84. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein the length, L (mm), of said interface between said metal sleeve and said compressed insulating wall is between about 0.4 mm and 6 mm and the percentage compression of the insulating wall thickness, ΔR %, is between about 0.1 percent and 40 percent.
 85. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein said outer housing comprises at least one side being substantially flat.
 86. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein said insulating seal member has an aperture therethrough and said compressed insulating wall defines a circumferential boundary for said aperture, and wherein said end cap assembly further comprises an elongated anode current collector member having a portion passing through said aperture in said insulating seal member.
 87. The alkaline cell of claim 86 wherein at least a portion of said insulating wall is held compressed between said anode current collector and said metal sleeve.
 88. The alkaline cell of claim 86 wherein the metal plate has an aperture therethrough and said metal sleeve forms a boundary for said aperture in said plate.
 89. The alkaline cell of claim 87 wherein said insulating seal member has a skirt extending from a surface thereof, said skirt surrounding at least a portion of the elongated current collector.
 90. The alkaline cell of claim 89 wherein said insulating skirt reduces the rate of corrosion of the inside surface of said housing.
 91. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein said insulating seal member comprises plastic material.
 92. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein the edge of said metal plate is laser welded to the inside surface of said housing to close the open end thereof.
 93. The alkaline cell of claim 87 wherein said insulating seal member comprises an integrally formed central boss having a circumferential side wall forming said compressed insulating wall, said boss being held within said metal sleeve in interference fit therewith, said side wall being compressed between said anode current collector and said sleeve.
 93. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein said anode comprises zinc and said cathode comprises at least one of manganese dioxide and nickel oxyhydroxide.
 94. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein said anode comprises zinc and said cathode comprises manganese dioxide.
 95. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein the cell has a longitudinal axis running in the direction between said open and closed ends and the percentage compression of the insulating wall thickness is measured in a direction about perpendicular to said longitudinal axis.
 96. The alkaline cell of claim 83 wherein said housing has a cuboid shape. 